Determining ADC effective number of bits via histogram testing

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Wagdy ◽  
S.S. Awad
Keyword(s):  
Effective Number ◽  
Histogram Testing

scholarly journals An Optical Analog-to-Digital Converter with Enhanced ENOB Based on MMI-Based Phase-Shift Quantization

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Jifang Qiu ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Multimode Interference ◽  
Analog To Digital Converter ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Digital Converter ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Mmi Coupler ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Optical Analog ◽  
Optical Quantization

An optical analog-to-digital converter (OADC) scheme with enhanced bit resolution by using a multimode interference (MMI) coupler as optical quantization is proposed. The mathematical simulation model was established to verify the feasibility and to investigate the robustness of the scheme. Simulation results show that 20 quantization levels (corresponding to 4.32 of effective number of bits (ENOB)) are realized by using only 6 channels, which indicates that the scheme requires much fewer quantization channels or modulators to realize the same amount of ENOB. The scheme is robust and potential for integration.

scholarly journals Effect of genome composition and codon bias on infectious bronchitis virus evolution and adaptation to target tissues

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Mattia Cecchinato
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Bias ◽  
Synonymous Codon ◽  
Synonymous Codon Usage ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Effective Number Of Codons

Abstract Background Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most relevant viruses affecting the poultry industry, and several studies have investigated the factors involved in its biological cycle and evolution. However, very few of those studies focused on the effect of genome composition and the codon bias of different IBV proteins, despite the remarkable increase in available complete genomes. In the present study, all IBV complete genomes were downloaded (n = 383), and several statistics representative of genome composition and codon bias were calculated for each protein-coding sequence, including but not limited to, the nucleotide odds ratio, relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons. Additionally, viral codon usage was compared to host codon usage based on a collection of highly expressed genes in IBV target and nontarget tissues. Results The results obtained demonstrated a significant difference among structural, non-structural and accessory proteins, especially regarding dinucleotide composition, which appears under strong selective forces. In particular, some dinucleotide pairs, such as CpG, a probable target of the host innate immune response, are underrepresented in genes coding for pp1a, pp1ab, S and N. Although genome composition and dinucleotide bias appear to affect codon usage, additional selective forces may act directly on codon bias. Variability in relative synonymous codon usage and effective number of codons was found for different proteins, with structural proteins and polyproteins being more adapted to the codon bias of host target tissues. In contrast, accessory proteins had a more biased codon usage (i.e., lower number of preferred codons), which might contribute to the regulation of their expression level and timing throughout the cell cycle. Conclusions The present study confirms the existence of selective forces acting directly on the genome and not only indirectly through phenotype selection. This evidence might help understanding IBV biology and in developing attenuated strains without affecting the protein phenotype and therefore immunogenicity.

scholarly journals Predicting the Number of Parties: A Quantitative Model of Duverger's Mechanical Effect

1993 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rein Taagepera ◽  
Matthew Soberg Shugart
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Mechanical Effect ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Effective Number Of Parties ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
Great Portion

The mechanical effect of electoral systems, identified by Maurice Duverger, can be estimated by means of a quantitative model. The model predicts the range within which the effective number of parties in a district should fall for a given magnitude (number of seats) of the district. At the national level, a related model predicts the effective number of parties based on the effective magnitude and the number of seats in the national assembly. The institutional variables considered—magnitude and assembly size—define a great portion of the structural constraints within which a given country's politics must take place. The model developed provides a good fit to data in spite of its having been developed from outrageously simple starting assumptions.

Crowded Space, Fertile Ground: Party Entry and the Effective Number of Parties

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kselman ◽  
Eleanor Neff Powell ◽  
Joshua A. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Party System ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Effective Number Of Parties ◽  
Number Of Parties

This paper develops a novel argument as to the conditions under which new political parties will form in democratic states. Our approach hinges on the manner in which politicians evaluate the policy implications of new party entry alongside considerations of incumbency for its own sake. We demonstrate that if candidates care sufficiently about policy outcomes, then the likelihood of party entry shouldincreasewith the effective number of status quo parties in the party system. This relationship weakens, and eventually disappears, as politicians’ emphasis on “office-seeking” motivations increases relative to their interest in public policy. We test these predictions with both aggregate electoral data in contemporary Europe and a data set on legislative volatility in Turkey, uncovering support for the argument that party system fragmentation should positively affect the likelihood of entry when policy-seeking motivations are relevant, but not otherwise.

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