Identifiability of hidden Markov information sources and their minimum degrees of freedom

The motion of an artificial satellite around the Moon is much more complicated than that around the Earth, since the shape of the Moon is a triaxial ellipsoid and the effect of the Earth on the motion is very important even for a very close satellite.The differential equations of motion of the satellite are written in canonical form of three degrees of freedom with time depending Hamiltonian. By eliminating short-periodic terms depending on the mean longitude of the satellite and by assuming that the Earth is moving on the lunar equator, however, the equations are reduced to those of two degrees of freedom with an energy integral.Since the mean motion of the Earth around the Moon is more rapid than the secular motion of the argument of pericentre of the satellite by a factor of one order, the terms depending on the longitude of the Earth can be eliminated, and the degree of freedom is reduced to one.Then the motion can be discussed by drawing equi-energy curves in two-dimensional space. According to these figures satellites with high inclination have large possibilities of falling down to the lunar surface even if the initial eccentricities are very small.The principal properties of the motion are not changed even if plausible values ofJ3andJ4of the Moon are included.This paper has been published in Publ. astr. Soc.Japan15, 301, 1963.

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Representing utility and deploying the body

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19001602 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

David Spurrett

Keyword(s):

Functional Activity ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

The Body ◽

Target Article ◽

Processing Demands ◽

The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

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Risks of regional anaesthesia for cesarean section: women's recall and information sources

Yearbook of Anesthesiology and Pain Management ◽

10.1016/s1073-5437(08)70937-9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 194-195

Author(s):

D.H. Chestnut

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Regional Anaesthesia ◽

Information Sources

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Das Experten-Novizen-Paradigma und die Vertrauenskrise in der Psychologie

Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie ◽

10.1026/1612-5010/a000174 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 131-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philip Furley ◽

Karsten Schul ◽

Daniel Memmert

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es anhand eines vielverwendeten Paradigmas in der Sportwissenschaft – dem Experten-Novizen-Vergleich – zu prüfen, ob die momentane Vertrauenskrise in der Psychologie ebenfalls die Sportpsychologie betreffen könnte. Anhand einer exemplarischen Studie zeigen wir, dass es innerhalb dieses Paradigmas zu kontroversen Befunden kommt, welche durch die vermuteten Ursachen der Vertrauenskrise (Researcher Degrees of Freedom, kleine Stichprobengrößen) erklärt sein könnten. Zusätzlich argumentieren wir, dass weitere Faktoren (Konfundierung, Stichprobengrößen, Rosenthal Effekt, Expertise-Definition) innerhalb dieses Paradigmas die Reproduzierbarkeit von Erkenntnissen in Frage stellen. Wir diskutieren mögliche Maßnahmen, wie die dargestellten Probleme des Experten-Novizen-Paradigmas in zukünftigen Forschungsarbeiten gelöst werden können.

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Eye Movements of Children and Adults While Reading Television Subtitles

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040.12.3.196 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 196-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Géry d'Ydewalle ◽

Wim De Bruycker

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Age Differences ◽

Information Sources ◽

Native Language ◽

Verbal Information ◽

Single Text ◽

Grade 5 ◽

Reading Patterns ◽

Attentional System

Abstract. Eye movements of children (Grade 5-6) and adults were monitored while they were watching a foreign language movie with either standard (foreign language soundtrack and native language subtitling) or reversed (foreign language subtitles and native language soundtrack) subtitling. With standard subtitling, reading behavior in the subtitle was observed, but there was a difference between one- and two-line subtitles. As two lines of text contain verbal information that cannot easily be inferred from the pictures on the screen, more regular reading occurred; a single text line is often redundant to the information in the picture, and accordingly less reading of one-line text was apparent. Reversed subtitling showed even more irregular reading patterns (e.g., more subtitles skipped, fewer fixations, longer latencies). No substantial age differences emerged, except that children took longer to shift attention to the subtitle at its onset, and showed longer fixations and shorter saccades in the text. On the whole, the results demonstrated the flexibility of the attentional system and its tuning to the several information sources available (image, soundtrack, and subtitles).

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