Use of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Extinguishing Agent Alternatives to Halon 1211 (BCF) and Halon 1301 (BTM)

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Halon 1301 ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Conducting Research

Describes the properties of the halogenated fire extinguishants Halon 1211 and 1301, their role in ozone depletion and their proposed replacements. Because of their adverse effects on the depletion of the ozone layer, production of Halon 1211 and Halon 1301 is restricted by the Montreal Protocol of 1987. Identifies producers who are conducting research and development for alternative products with low toxicity and zero ozone depletion factors.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone depletion

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1469) ◽  
pp. 769-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sherwood Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

Solar ultraviolet radiation creates an ozone layer in the atmosphere which in turn completely absorbs the most energetic fraction of this radiation. This process both warms the air, creating the stratosphere between 15 and 50 km altitude, and protects the biological activities at the Earth's surface from this damaging radiation. In the last half-century, the chemical mechanisms operating within the ozone layer have been shown to include very efficient catalytic chain reactions involving the chemical species HO, HO 2 , NO, NO 2 , Cl and ClO. The NO X and ClO X chains involve the emission at Earth's surface of stable molecules in very low concentration (N 2 O, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, etc.) which wander in the atmosphere for as long as a century before absorbing ultraviolet radiation and decomposing to create NO and Cl in the middle of the stratospheric ozone layer. The growing emissions of synthetic chlorofluorocarbon molecules cause a significant diminution in the ozone content of the stratosphere, with the result that more solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290–320 nm wavelength) reaches the surface. This ozone loss occurs in the temperate zone latitudes in all seasons, and especially drastically since the early 1980s in the south polar springtime—the ‘Antarctic ozone hole’. The chemical reactions causing this ozone depletion are primarily based on atomic Cl and ClO, the product of its reaction with ozone. The further manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been banned by the 1992 revisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the United Nations. Atmospheric measurements have confirmed that the Protocol has been very successful in reducing further emissions of these molecules. Recovery of the stratosphere to the ozone conditions of the 1950s will occur slowly over the rest of the twenty-first century because of the long lifetime of the precursor molecules.

scholarly journals Clearing the Air: An Examination of International Law on the Protection of the Ozone Layer

1969 ◽  
pp. 818
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Faries
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Ozone Layer Depletion ◽  
International Environmental Law ◽  
History Of

The author, after examining the existing international law on ozone layer protection, explains the current scientific knowledge about the causes and effects of ozone layer depletion. The author then embarks on a discussion of the sources of international environmental law on ozone depletion, and draws analogies to the broader area of international law dealing with state responsibility for transnational air pollution emanating from within its territory. Mr. Fades then proceeds to provide a brief history of the events leading up to the signing of the Montreal Protocol, followed by an analysis of the subtleties of the Protocol, and suggestions for reform.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone measurements at Arosa (Switzerland): History and scientific relevance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Staehelin ◽  
Pierre Viatte ◽  
Rene Stübi ◽  
Fiona Tummon ◽  
Thomas Peter
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Global Environmental Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Column Ozone

Abstract. In 1926 the stratospheric ozone measurements of the Light Climatic Observatory (LKO) of Arosa (Switzerland) started, marking the start of the world's longest total (or column) ozone measurements. These measurements were driven by the recognition of the importance of atmospheric ozone for human health as well as by scientific curiosity in this by then not well characterized atmospheric trace gas. Since the mid-1970s ground-based measurements of stratospheric ozone have also been justified to society by the need to document the effects of anthropogenic Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs), which cause stratospheric ozone depletion. Levels of ODSs peaked around the mid-1990s as a result of a global environmental policy to protect the ozone layer implemented by the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments and adjustments. Consequently, chemical ozone depletion caused by ODSs stopped worsening around the mid-1990s. This renders justification for continued ozone measurements more difficult, and is likely to do so even more in future, when stratospheric ozone recovery is expected. Tendencies of increased cost savings in ozone measurements seem perceptible worldwide, also in Arosa. However, the large natural variability in ozone on diurnal, seasonal and interannual scales complicates to demonstrate the success of the Montreal Protocol. Moreover, chemistry-climate models predict a “super-recovery” of the ozone layer in the second half of this century, i.e. an increase of ozone concentrations beyond pre-1970 levels, as a consequence of ongoing climate change. This paper presents the evolution of the ozone layer and the history of international ozone research and discusses the justification of these measurements for past, present and future.

scholarly journals PROSPEK PENERAPAN PP NO. 35 TAHUN 2007 SEBAGAI PENGATURAN INSENTIF PERPAJAKAN UNTUK MENDORONG PENINGKATAN R&D

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Brian Amy Prastyo
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
Recent Government

AbstrakThis article elaborates on tax incentive for research and development area.In recent government policy of the Republic Indonesia has governed underthe Government Regulation number 35 year 2007. The author deems thatthat regulation has some fundamentals weakness. The policy toward taxincentive commonly should make corporation can save in huge amount. Thataspect is also contained disadvantage to be abused. Hence abuse throughduty free privilege could happen like on imported goods selling which isimported by that privilege abuse in domestic market. Under the author sightsthen government ought to launch any exclusive policy for certain companythat has significant program to conducting research and development. Thenthe author advises to protect that policy also must be secured by worthysystem of incentive's application will be approved to the right one only

scholarly journals Životna sredina - opasnosti i pravna zaštita / Human Environment ‒ Risks and Legal Protection

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Ilija Babić
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Environment

The most relevant factors that affect climate are astronomic cycles ant their effects on planet Earth and Earth’s orbit around the Sun. They have impact on the occurrence of glacial and interglacial periods at generally 100.000-year frequencies, which were affected by orbital shape variations and effects of greenhouse gases.The youngest geological epoch of the geological history of Earth is Holocene (started with warming) that began approximately 11.000 years BP. In that epoch, the shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun was nearly circular, close to a perfect circle, and the seasonal contrast was less severe, due to decreased tilt of Earth’s axis from the plane of its orbit around the Sun. However, most scientists are arguing that the causes of rapid climate change are rooted in human activity, and not in its internal orbital variations. The main causes of global warming are increased level of carbon dioxide, but also of methane and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. These gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion in stratosphere and rapid global warming. In order to set up the legal framework of environmental protection, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment has adopted Stockholm Declaration in June 16, 1972. About twenty industrial states have ratified in 1987 the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which has undergone many revisions by London Convention (1990), Copenhagen Accord (1992), Vienna Convention (1995), Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement ‒ an international universal agreement on climate adopted at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21). Environmental protection in the European Union is provided for by its primary and secondary law, and the most EU environmental regulations were implemented in the Serbian legislation.

System compatible products for the automation and integration of production

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
A.P. Popov ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zapolskaya ◽  
T.A. Popova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Production Automation ◽  
Automation Tools

The paper deals with strategic issues of creating promising products and conducting research and development work from the point of view of an enterprise planning to produce integrated production automation tools.One of the main goals of the manufacturer of integrated automation tools is to enter the international market. The most important condition for achieving this goal is the presence of its own integrated and regular architecture of the relevant application systems, which provides the possibility of integrating newly created products and the results of research and development work as part of a planned automated system. Thus, we are talking about creating a wide family of products that are compatible at the conceptual, architectural, and hardware-software levels.The proposed approach will allow for significant savings in capital investment in the development of new products and systems due to the comparative ease of integration of previously developed products.

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