A Socio‐Economic Approach To Water Pollution Law Enforcement in England and Wales

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
England And Wales

scholarly journals The Diversity of the EU Approach to Law Enforcement—Towards a Coherent Model Inspired by a Law and Economics Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Faure ◽  
Franziska Weber
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Insider Trading ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
European Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
European Level ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Reasoning ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally in the division of labor between the European level and the Member States it was, roughly, the European legislature that set the norms and the Member States that took care of enforcing these norms. In various policy areas, an implementation deficit has been observed, which is said to be partly due to the Member States facing difficulties with the choice of procedural options. For that reason, among others, the European legislature increasingly prescribes the enforcement approach to the Member States to back up national legislation that implements European law. This Article examines the incoherence of the EU's approach to law enforcement in the areas of consumer, competition, environmental, and insider trading laws. After setting out the EU's legal competences with a view to law enforcement, the rather diverse picture—mixes—of private, administrative, and criminal law enforcement in the four areas will be illustrated. The authors then ask the question of whether this divergence can be explained by an economic reasoning with respect to law enforcement. The analysis, however, identifies substantial differences between an ideal enforcement mix and the current enforcement approaches used in EU law. Moreover, it is suggested that the economic approach could be employed to provide more consistency to the use of enforcement tools in EU law.

Developing Demonstration Test Catchments as a platform for transdisciplinary land management research in England and Wales

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1618-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. McGonigle ◽  
S. P. Burke ◽  
A. L. Collins ◽  
R. Gartner ◽  
M. R. Haft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Platform

This paper describes a research platform approach that has been developed in England to bring together researchers and stakeholders from a wide range of institutions to undertake multi-disciplinary, catchment-scale research on approaches to tackle agricultural water pollution.

scholarly journals Detecting Heritage Crime(s): What We Know about Illicit Metal Detecting in England and Wales

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 139-165
Author(s):  
Adam Daubney ◽  
Louise E. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Metal Detector ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Official Sources

Abstract:Metal detecting is a popular hobby in England and Wales, and, since 1997, over 1.3 million finds have been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), a scheme to encourage the voluntary recording of artifacts found by the public. The metal detector can be a useful archaeological tool when used lawfully and responsibly; however, it is also a tool that is used for illicit purposes by individuals and groups wishing to obtain artifacts from archaeological sites on which they have no permission to detect. Information on the number and nature of incidents of illicit metal detecting, however, is difficult to collate owing both to the nature of the crime and to the way it is recorded (or not) by law enforcement authorities. In this article, we examine the strengths and limitations of the available official and unofficial sources on illicit metal detecting in England and Wales and explore the potential they have to tell us about current trends in this form of heritage crime. The first unofficial source is a list of incidents reported to Historic England, which contains basic information on 276 incidents recorded between 2010 and 2017. The second source is the result of a survey of the PAS’s finds liaison officers regarding the extent to which they assisted law enforcement authorities for the years from 2015 to 2017. Both sources were then contrasted with a freedom of information request that was sent to all 49 police forces in the United Kingdom. Although there are some synergies between the unofficial and official sources, the lack of detail in any one dataset makes them of limited use in demonstrating trends in the macro- and micro-scales of time and place. Accordingly, many of the issues highlighted in this article could be resolved by devising a better system for police record keeping of metal detecting offences.

Economics of Criminal Law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Economic Inquiry ◽  
Econometric Methodology

This chapter discusses the economic approach to crime. By applying the tools of economic analysis and econometric methodology, it serves as a unified approach for understanding illegal behaviour as part of human behaviour in general. It offers new insights about the relative efficiency and desirability of means of crime control and components of the law enforcement system. The economic approach, and the “market model” linking it to the general methodology used by economists to study and interpret the general economy, remains a work in progress, because the data are not available to the degree they are collected and reported in other areas of economic inquiry. It is still too early to assess the degree to which the various econometric studies have produced accurate estimates of critical behavioral relationships underlying variations and conflicting trends of crime. Progress depends on better data and more complete implementations of the comprehensive model of crime.

scholarly journals Analisis pengendalian pencemaran air di zona hulu Sungai Citarum dengan model multi dimensional scalling

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Iskandar A. Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
The West ◽  
Scaling Method ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Control Water

Citarum River is the largest river in West Java province, which due to high functionality and benefit of this river has been constructed three large cascade reservoirs: Saguling-Cirata-Jatiluhur that produce arround 1,900 MW electricity and irrigate the paddy fields with technical irrigation for DKI Jakarta over 240,000 ha and water supply through the West Tarum Canal, East Tarum Canal and North Tarum Canal.However, Citarum river is very polluted. Various efforts starting from laws and regulations as well as structuring of institution,and has been done several government programs establishing to control water pollution control. However, Citarum river can not be restorated properly due to disposal of wastewater still permits regardless of the factual condition. This study aimed at analysing the sustainability status of water pollution control in Citarum riverby applyingMulti Dimensional Scaling method covering the dimensions: Policy, Technical, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Law Enforcement and StakeholdersSupport, in order to define a proposal for him solution.The results of the study for the existing condition in 2015 that in all dimensions less sustainable.However, foryear 2030 and 2050 the so technical dimension increased significantly as a highly sustainable status followed by other dimensions achieving sustainable status. The analysis results indicated that a technical dimension can be more implemented than others, and the most difficult one is the economic dimension.

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