A cross‐national study of work beliefs in three countries: the People's Republic of China, Venezuela and the USA

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Joel D. Nicholson ◽  
Lee P. Stepina
Keyword(s):  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
National Study ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cross National Study ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals What’s the lender liability risk for soil pollution in the People’s Republic of China? An evaluation of China’s new Soil Pollution and Control Law in the light of the USA and UK regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Lloyd Andrew Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Law ◽  
Lender Liability ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
And Control ◽  
People's Congress

On 1 January 2019, following a presidential order confirming its adoption by the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Soil Pollution and Control 2019 (SPC) was introduced into law. Succinctly, the SPC was enacted to deal with the vast amount of soil pollution that currently exists in China. This article’s central thesis is that, following a comparative analysis of the regulatory regimes in the USA and UK, the law creates environment-related risks for lenders. In particular, the article is concerned with the risk of lender liability, that is, where the lender itself is made directly liable for the costs of soil pollution remediation. In light of the USA and UK regimes, risk management advice is provided for obviating any prospective lender liability that may be forthcoming from the SPC. As with the regulations in other countries, it appears that the degree of ‘control’ that lenders exercise over their clients must be limited to mitigate the possible transference of any direct liability under the PRC’s principles of property rights law.

The transformation of foreign policy of People’s Republic of China in 1949–1976

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (04-1) ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
Ilya Kolesnikov ◽  
Konstantin Kasparyan ◽  
Elena Malyshkina ◽  
Jordan Gjorchev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Communist China ◽  
The Usa

The article is devoted to the comprehension of changes in foreign policy of Communist China during Mao Zedong's rule - in late 1940s - mid 1970s. The authors investigate the causes and consequences of fundamental changes in the Chinese foreign policy doctrine, taking into account the whole range of objective and subjective factors that led to the deterioration of the Soviet-Chinese relations and the beginning of rapprochement between China and the USA.

The Foreign Policy of the USA Towards the PRC During Gerald Ford Presidency: 1974-1977

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Anatoliy V. Goncharenko ◽  
Lybov G. Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
White House ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article researches the US foreign policy towards the PRC during Gerald Ford presidency in 1974-1977. It describes the reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of the US foreign policy strategy in the Chinese direction during the investigated period. There was explored the practical realization of the “Pacific Doctrine”by Washington. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the question of the formation of the Chinese White House policy has been analyzed. The specific foreign policy actions of the administration of the US president Gerald Fordon the PRC in 1974-1977 are analyzed. The chief results of the foreign policy of the administration of the President of the United States Gerald Ford (1974-1977) concerning the PRC, which resulted from the real political steps taken by the leaders of both countries, was the establishment of systematic and reliable channels of bilateral ties, expansion of economic, scientific and cultural contacts, the beginning of a systematic exchange of views on the most important issues of international relations. In the second half of the 70’s of the twentieth century this dialogue ensured the continuity of China’s policy in Washington, which was based on the concept of a “balance of power”, while China played a complementary role in the foreign policy strategy of the White House. These factors formed the “Pacific Doctrine” of G. Ford, which gave Beijing the status of an American partner in maintaining a balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region and consolidated a positive assessment of the place and role of the People’s Republic of China in Asian politics in the United States of America. The return of American political thought to the ideas of the combination policy occurred in the formation of US-Soviet strategic parity and awareness of the ruling circles in the United States, due to the defeat in Vietnam, the limited resources of force influence on the international situation. Started in the United States the study of China’s behavior in the international arena and its power parameters made it possible then to draw a preliminary conclusion that the People’s Republic of China can fill the place of the missing link in the “triangle” of the global scheme – a place of counterweight to the USSR; this required the removal of a US-Chinese confrontation. However, the socio-political and ideological contradictions that were pushed to the foreground on the initial stage of the Chinese policy of the administration of G. Ford and the process of normalization of bilateral relations, again made themselves felt at a later stage. Their injection was promoted by the logic of the development of bilateral US-China relations, as well as by a number of internal objective and subjective reasons, as in the People’s Republic of China (a sharp increase in the struggle for power connected with the illness and death of Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong), and in the United States (Gerald Ford made certain curtseys towards the American right-wing conservative forces and began to intensify approaches to Beijing and Moscow, and also the presidential campaign of 1976). Keywords: the USA, PRC, China, foreign policy, American-Chinese relations, “Pacific Doctrine”, Gerald Ford, Henry Kissinger , Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping.

The security strategy of the People’s Republic of China in light of the 2019 Defence White Paper

2020 ◽  
Vol 700 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Paweł Paszak
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Balance Of Forces

This article aims to outline main directions of the security strategy of the People’s Republic of China basing on the analysis of the Defence White Paper of July 2019, the political practice of the Beijing authorities as well as internal and international situation. Having analysed the above mentioned areas, the author concludes that the contemporary strategy of the PRC is internally subordinated to maintaining territorial, political and social integrity, including primarily legitimization of the power of the Communist Party of China. Externally, the strategy is oriented at reversing the unfavourable balance of forces in the Asia-Pacific region and weakening of the US military advantage. Those two directions determine the activities of the Chinese state in such specific areas as: modernization of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the relations with Taiwan and claims concerning South China Sea. The Defence White Paper is aimed at contrasting the unilateral and hegemonic policy of the United States (as the authors of the document see it) with the defensive and moderate activities of China. The narration serves to convince international players to remain neutral or engage in collaboration with China in the face of intensifying military, economic and political pressure on the part of the USA. China has entered a “critical moment” of its development and the response of the Beijing authorities to the challenges of internal development and external pressures will determine whether in the 21st century it will become a superpower.

scholarly journals REPRESENTATION OF THE USA IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPERIALISM IN THE PROPAGANDA POSTERS PUBLISHED IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Caner Çaki ◽  
Hakan Aşkan ◽  
Mustafa Karaca ◽  
Emrah Durmaz
Keyword(s):  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Media ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
German Linguist ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Propaganda Posters

A negative process started in Sino-USA relations after establishing the People's Republic of China (PRC), PRC made policies against the USA, which it accused of being imperialist. Tensions between China and the USA led to the presentation of the USA to the masses as an imperialist country and the national enemy of Chinese people in Chinese media. The study tried to reveal how the USA was presented to the masses and through which messages it was built as an enemy country in the context of imperialism in anti-US posters in China. For this purpose, 8 posters determined within the scope of the study were analyzed in the light of the German linguist Karl Bühler's Organon Model, using the semiotic analysis method. As a result of the study, it was claimed in the posters that the USA had imperialist goals and led to war to achieve these goals. For this reason, the message that the imperialist aims of the USA posed a threat to both China and world nations, and world nations must act against the USA in order to end the danger posed by the USA was given. Thus, the Chinese administration tried to legitimize the anti-USA policies implemented during the Cold War.

LATIN AMERICAN POLICY COMPONENT OF THE USA, PRC AND RUSSIAN FEDERATION POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 150-165
Author(s):  
D. V. GORDIENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military

The paper considers the assessment of the influence of the Latin American component of the policy of the United States of America, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the national security of these countries. An approach is proposed to compare the influence of the Latin American component of the policy of the states of the strategic triangle Russia-China-USA, which allows us to identify the priorities of Russia's policy in Latin America and other regions of the world. The work can be used to justify recommendations to the military and political leadership of our country.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF "THE CHINA-PAKISTAN AXIS: ASIA’S NEW GEOPOLITICS"

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Omme Asma, Dr. Syed Wasimuddin
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa

This publication of Andrew Small is a brief however noteworthy record of a relationship amongst Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People’s Republic of China and their geopolitical proposition in the district. Small is an English creator and now works at the German Marshall Fund with the Asia program in the USA. He likewise contributed in a couple of daily papers and magazines. Essentially, the book watched out for two liberal subjects. To begin with, it looks to benefit from the states of relations amongst China and Pakistan between the cool war and 2015, and furthermore, it breaks down the geopolitics of South Asia on relations amongst China and Pakistan.

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