Uptown Cigarette

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Robbin Derry ◽  
Sachin Waikar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Black History ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cigarette Brand ◽  
Test Market

To recapture lost market share, tobacco giant R. J. Reynolds (RJR) developed Uptown, the first cigarette brand created and targeted specifically at a minority group—in this case, African-Americans. RJR planned to launch a six-month test market in Philadelphia in February 1990, which coincided with national Black History Month. The launch generated grassroots opposition from the black community in Philadelphia, which became intent on ensuring there was “No Uptown in our town or any town.”After analyzing the case, students should be able to: Identify some of the complex issues surrounding targeting specific populations Recognize the importance of understanding cultural context Recognize the limits of profit-based decision-making

7 Exploring healthcare professionals’ attitudes to future care planning with older adults in hospital: qualitative research co-design through multi-professional patient and carer involvement

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 362.2-362
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Bielinska ◽  
Stephanie Archer ◽  
Catherine Urch ◽  
Ara Darzi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
List Type ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Topic Guide ◽  
Future Care ◽  
Advance Care

IntroductionDespite evidence that advance care planning in older hospital inpatients improves the quality of end-of-life care (Detering 2010) future care planning (FCP) with older adults remains to be normalised in hospital culture. It is therefore crucial to understand the attitudes of healthcare professionals to FCP in older patients in the hospital setting. Co-design with patients carers and healthcare professionals can generate more detailed meaningful data through better conversations.AimsTo co-design a semi-structured interview (SSI) topic guide to explore healthcare professionals’ attitudes to FCP with older adults in hospital.MethodsA multi-professional research group including a panel of patient and carer representatives co-designed an in-depth topic guide for a SSI exploring healthcare professionals’ attitudes to FCP with older adults in hospital.ResultsThe co-designed topic guide encourages participants to explore personal and system-level factors that may influence attitudes to FCP and practice in hospital amongst healthcare staff. Co-designed topics for inclusion in the SSI schedule include:Potential differences between specialist and generalist approaches to FCPThe influence of perceived hierarchy and emergency–decision making ability in professionals on FCP discussionsThe relevance to transitions of careAttitudes to FCP beyond the biomedical paradigm including perceived well–being and psychosocial aspects of careDigital FCP tools including patient–led FCP.ConclusionCo-designing qualitative research with older people and multi-disciplinary professionals may narrow translational gaps in implementing FCP by setting joint research priorities. Data generated from a co-designed study may expand understanding of hospital-based anticipatory decision-making with older adults.Reference. Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W. The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ23 March 2010;340:c1345.

The Legislative Decision-Making Process

1982 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Richard DeGraw ◽  
Bette F. DeGraw
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Role Play ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
List Type ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Legislative Decision

The Legislative Decision Making Process is an educational role play for graduate or undergraduate students concerning the political and pressure relationships involved in the political decision-making process. The role play reviews the implications of the decision-making processes upon the provision of services by governmental agencies.The role play engages from twenty to sixty students in a simulated budget-making and lobbying experience and utilizes this experience to teach students:1.The values and pressures considered by bureaucracies and the Legislature in decision-making;2.The relationships which exist between clients, community groups, administrators and politicians;3.The various techniques of Community Organization for lobbying and Legislative influence.The role play consists of various groups of students in roles which include legislators, administrators of three major state departments, two minor state departments, parent groups, Concerned Citizen groups, American Indians disabled individuals and ex-clients.

scholarly journals Cognitive mapping as an approach to facilitate organ donation among African Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 003685042110294
Author(s):  
Jayme E Locke ◽  
Rhiannon D Reed ◽  
Richard M Shewchuk ◽  
Katherine L Stegner ◽  
Haiyan Qu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Empirical Framework

Making up 13.4% of the United States population, African Americans (AAs) account for 28.7% of candidates who are currently waiting for an organ donation. AAs are disproportionately affected by end-organ disease, particularly kidney disease, therefore, the need for transplantation among this population is high, and the high need is also observed for other solid organ transplantation. To this end, we worked with the AA community to derive an empirical framework of organ donation strategies that may facilitate AA decision-making. We used a cognitive mapping approach involving two distinct phases of primary data collection and a sequence of data analytic procedures to elicit and systematically organize strategies for facilitating organ donation. AA adults ( n = 89) sorted 27 strategies identified from nominal group technique meetings in phase 1 based on their perceived similarities. Sorting data were aggregated and analyzed using Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. Among 89 AA participants, 68.2% were female, 65.5% obtained > high school education, 69.5% reported annual household income ≤ $50,000. The average age was 47.4 years (SD = 14.5). Derived empirical framework consisted of five distinct clusters: fundamental knowledge, psychosocial support, community awareness, community engagement, and system accountability; and two dimensions: Approach, Donor-related Information. The derived empirical framework reflects an organization scheme that may facilitate AA decision-making about organ donation and suggests that targeted dissemination of donor-related information at both the individual-donor and community levels may be critical for increasing donation rates among AAs.

scholarly journals Representation of Black History in Archives: A Collection-Centered Quantitative Analysis of the Billups-Garth Archive

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-203
Author(s):  
Carrie P. Mastley
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Black History ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Manuscript Collections ◽  
And Control

AbstractThis pilot study presents a collection-centered quantitative analysis of Black history resources available at the Billups-Garth Archive in Columbus, Mississippi. The Archive’s inventory lists for its record series and control files for its manuscript collections were assessed in order to determine the percentage of extant Black history resources in relation to the collection’s total holdings. Relevant collections were then evaluated to determine their mediums, subjects, and provenance. The results showed a dearth of collections related to Black history and indicated that very few were created by the Black community. Results also showed that most relevant resources were made up of textual documents as well as documents relating to everyday life and education. Overall, this study demonstrates how collection analyses may be undertaken to identify collection biases and collection deficiencies, especially deficiencies in representing the histories of marginalized communities.

Marketing and Ethics

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fritz Jacki ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
R. Edward Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Marketing Tactics ◽  
Ethical Implications

Marketing tactics such as pricing, promotion, placement, and product decisions all help business owners create a need for their products or services. What managers seldom realize, however, is that the marketing decisions they make primarily to increase sales and market share have a great impact on society at large and thus have significant ethical implications. These seven caselets, which cover a variety of topics (including “the article of the half-truth,” “creative interview tactics,” and “truthfully representing your company”), explore the ethical implications of decision making in the marketing arena.

scholarly journals Clinicians’ experiences of using and implementing a medical mobile phone app (QUiPP V2) designed to predict the risk of preterm birth and aid clinical decision making

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Carlisle ◽  
H. A. Watson ◽  
J. Carter ◽  
K. Kuhrt ◽  
P. T. Seed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background As the vast majority of women who present in threatened preterm labour (TPTL) will not deliver early, clinicians need to balance the risks of over-medicalising the majority of women, against the potential risk of preterm delivery for those discharged home. The QUiPP app is a free, validated app which can support clinical decision-making as it produces individualised risks of delivery within relevant timeframes. Recent evidence has highlighted that clinicians would welcome a decision-support tool that accurately predicts preterm birth. Methods Qualitative interviews were undertaken as part of the EQUIPTT study (The Evaluation of the QUiPP app for Triage and Transfer) (REC: 17/LO/1802) which aimed to evaluate the impact of the QUiPP app on management of TPTL. Individual semi-structured telephone interviews were used to explore clinicians’ (obstetricians’ and midwives’) experiences of using the QUiPP app and how it was implemented at their hospital sites. Thematic analysis was chosen to explore the meaning of the data, through a framework approach. Results Nineteen participants from 10 hospital sites in England took part. Data analysis revealed three overarching themes which were: ‘experience of using the app’, ‘how QUiPP risk changes practice’ and ‘successfully adopting QUiPP: context is everything’. With these final themes we appeared to have achieved our aim of exploring the clinicians’ experiences of using and implementing the QUiPP app. Conclusion This study explored different clinician’s experiences of implementing the app. The organizational and cultural context at different sites appeared to have a large impact on how well the QUiPP app was implemented. Future work needs to be undertaken to understand how best to embed the intervention within different settings. This will inform scale up of QUiPP app use across the UK and ensure that clinicians have access to this free, easy-to-use tool which can positively aid clinical decision making when caring for women in TPTL. Clinical trial registry and registration number ISRCTN 17846337, registered 08th January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17846337.

scholarly journals A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Dekel ◽  
Dov Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractFollowing exposure to an oriented stimulus, the perceived orientation is slightly shifted, a phenomenon termed the tilt aftereffect (TAE). This estimation bias, as well as other context-dependent biases, is speculated to reflect statistical mechanisms of inference that optimize visual processing. Importantly, although measured biases are extremely robust in the population, the magnitude of individual bias can be extremely variable. For example, measuring different individuals may result in TAE magnitudes that differ by a factor of 5. Such findings appear to challenge the accounts of bias in terms of learned statistics: is inference so different across individuals? Here, we found that a strong correlation exists between reaction time and TAE, with slower individuals having much less TAE. In the tilt illusion, the spatial analogue of the TAE, we found a similar, though weaker, correlation. These findings can be explained by a theory predicting that bias, caused by a change in the initial conditions of evidence accumulation (e.g., prior), decreases with decision time (Dekel & Sagi, 2019b). We contend that the context-dependence of visual processing is more homogeneous in the population than was previously thought, with the measured variability of perceptual bias explained, at least in part, by the flexibility of decision-making. Homogeneity in processing might reflect the similarity of the learned statistics.HighlightsThe tilt aftereffect (TAE) exhibits large individual differences.Reduced TAE magnitudes are found in slower individuals.Reduced TAE in slower decisions can be explained by the reduced influence of prior.Therefore, individual variability can reflect decision making flexibility.

Strength in Numbers: Perceptions of Political Commonality with African Americans among Asians and Asian Americans in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Harvey L. Nicholson ◽  
J. Scott Carter ◽  
Arjee Restar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Consciousness ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Linked Fate ◽  
Political Alliances

Asians are now the fastest growing racial minority group in the United States. Nearly 18 million Asians and Asian Americans currently reside in the country. Approximately 44 million African Americans also live in the United States. To improve their limited social, economic, and political clout, Asians and Asian Americans in the United States (AAAUS) could benefit from the formation of mutually beneficial political alliances with African Americans, another historically marginalized racial group. However, complicated relational dynamics between African Americans and AAAUS may drastically reduce the chances of political unity. Using the 2008 National Asian American Survey, the authors examine the effects of three factors—group consciousness, linked fate, and experiences of discrimination—on perceptions of political commonality with African Americans among AAAUS. The findings show that group consciousness and linked fate positively and strongly increase the odds of perceptions of political commonality with African Americans; however, experiences of discrimination do not. The results suggest that the cultivation of mutually beneficial political alliances between African Americans and AAAUS would first require AAAUS to develop a heightened sense of group consciousness and linked fate. The potential impact of these factors on future political alliances between both groups are discussed, as are the limitations of this study.

Memory Making on Parade

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-72
Author(s):  
Susan T. Falck
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Free Blacks ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Free Black ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Union Soldiers

This chapter clarifies that black communities experienced emancipation traditions in different ways. Given the large proportion of blacks in Natchez, and the region’s well-established free black community, it seemed probable that Natchez would experience a robust emancipation tradition. That was not the case. The grand 1867 Fourth of July parade in Natchez organized by the Union League drew a large crowd of African Americans, suggesting the beginnings of a bold emancipation tradition. Instead, public emancipation celebrations dwindled. By the time of the 1871 Decoration Day observance, leaders stressed reconciliation and a tribute to Confederate as well as Union soldiers, a far different message heard only four years earlier. The erosion of a black emancipation tradition resulted from the unusually close ties that existed between Natchez free blacks and white elites, and the fear among free blacks that it was in their best political interests to suppress such traditions.

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