Red Bull (Abridged)

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Paul W. Farris ◽  
Ervin R. Shames ◽  
Richard R. Johnson ◽  
Jordan Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Product Category ◽  
New Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Brand Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brand Product ◽  
Red Bull

This case (an abridged version of UVA-M-0663) describes the history of the Red Bull brand and how the company stimulated and harnessed word of mouth to build a new product category (functional energy drinks) and brand franchise. The case concludes by asking the reader to consider where Red Bull will take its brand, product line, and marketing next, in light of many competitive challenges in the United States. The case was written to foster discussion of nontraditional brand-building strategies and the growing globalization of brands and products targeted toward younger consumers.

THE BURROW INK TEST FOR SCABIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-457
Author(s):  
Edger K. Marcuse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Validity ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Direct Demonstration ◽  
History Of

In France, the diagnosis of scabies rests upon finding le sillon (a well defined, zigzagged burrow) on an afflicted patient with the aid of a simple fountain pen. This so called Burrow Ink Test (BIT) consists of gently rubbing the scabietic papule with the underside of a fountain pen, covering it with ink. The excess ink is then wiped off with an alcoholsaturated gauze. If a burrow is present the ink will track down it and outline the limits of the canal.... In the United States, the diagnosis of scabies is made by the direct demonstration of the mite, the egg or the scybala (fecal pellets) in the skin.... Although the importance of le sillon ... was emphasized in 1835 by Simon Francois Renucci, the BIT has been passed along from generation to generation of French dermatologists by word of mouth without ... a definitive study.... We attempted to complete the work of Dr. Renucci by comparing the BIT with the superficial shave biopsy to establish its diagnostic validity.... Results. All ... 25 BIT-positive lesions provided material for superficial shave biopsy in which the mites, eggs, fecal pellets or any combination of the three were found.... Stated another way, if a lesion was BIT positive, it was also positive with the superficial shave biopsy. By contrast, 11 of 30 BIT-negative lesions provided material for a positive superficial shave biopsy. Discussion. The history of scabies seems to have evolved in a "two steps forward, one and one-half steps backward" fashion.... In 1657, Hauptman observed the mite under the microscope.... Thirty years later ... Bonomo and Cestoni extracted the mite from under the skin, observed it under the microscope and described it as a "small turtle".... Unfortunately, others could not repeat this work.... Lugol (of ... solution fame) ... offered 300 crowns ... to anyone who could demonstrate the mite.

Review of A brief history of the United States.

1919 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 414-414
Author(s):  
No authorship indicated
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of

An American Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Strongyloidiasis in a United States Urban Outpatient Dermatology Department: A Case Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Watchmaker ◽  
Sean Legler ◽  
Dianne De Leon ◽  
Vanessa Pascoe ◽  
Robert Stavert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Dermatology Department ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Serologic Testing ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
History Of ◽  
Endemic Areas

Background: Although considered a tropical disease, strongyloidiasis may be encountered in non-endemic regions, primarily amongst immigrants and travelers from endemic areas.  Chronic strongyloides infection may be under-detected owing to its non-specific cutaneous presentation and the low sensitivity of commonly used screening tools. Methods: 18 consecutive patients with serologic evidence of strongyloides infestation who presented to a single urban, academic dermatology clinic between September 2013 and October 2016 were retrospectively included.  Patient age, sex, country of origin, strongyloides serology titer, absolute eosinophil count, presenting cutaneous manifestations, and patient reported subjective outcome of pruritus after treatment were obtained via chart review.  Results: Of the 18 patients, all had non-specific pruritic dermatoses, 36% had documented eosinophila and none were originally from the United States. A majority reported subjective improvement in their symptoms after treatment. Conclusion:  Strongyloides infection and serologic testing should be considered in patients living in non-endemic regions presenting with pruritic dermatoses and with a history of exposure to an endemic area.Key Points:Chronic strongyloidiasis can be encountered in non-endemic areas and clinical manifestations are variableEosinophilia was not a reliable indicator of chronic infection in this case series Dermatologists should consider serologic testing for strongyloidiasis in patients with a history of exposure and unexplained pruritus

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