scholarly journals Identification of the Key Regulatory Genes Involved in Elaborate Petal Development and Specialized Character Formation in Nigelladamascena (Ranunculaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 3095-3112
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Xuehao Fu ◽  
Caiyao Zhao ◽  
Jie Cheng ◽  
Hong Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Character Formation ◽  
Petal Development

scholarly journals The mechanics of cell fate determination in petals

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1422) ◽  
pp. 809-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathie Martin ◽  
Kiran Bhatt ◽  
Kim Baumann ◽  
Hailing Jin ◽  
Sabine Zachgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Fate Determination ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Conical Cell

The epidermal cells of petals of many species are specialized, having a pronounced conical shape. A transcription factor, MIXTA, is required for the formation of conical cells in Antirrhinum majus ; in shoot epidermal cells of several species, expression of this gene is necessary and sufficient to promote conical cell formation. Ectopic expression has also shown MIXTA to be able to promote the formation of multicellular trichomes, indicating that conical cells and multicellular trichomes share elements of a common developmental pathway. Formation of conical cells or trichomes is also mutually exclusive with stomatal formation. In Antirrhinum , MIXTA normally only promotes conical cell formation on the inner epidermal layer of the petals. Its restricted action in cell fate determination results from its specific expression pattern. Expression of MIXTA , in turn, requires the activity of B–function genes, and biochemical evidence suggests that the products of DEFICIENS , GLOBOSA and SEPALLATA –related genes directly activate MIXTA expression late in petal development, after the completion of cell division in the petal epidermis. A MIXTA –like gene, AmMYBML1 , is also expressed in petals. AmMYBML1 expression is high early in petal development. This gene may direct the formation of trichomes in petals. In specifying the fates of different cell types in petals, regulatory genes like MIXTA may have been duplicated. Changes in the timing and spatial localization of expression then provides similar regulatory genes which specify different cell fates.

Dynamics of fatty acid regulatory genes during ovarian development in Penaeus monodon

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pacharawan Deenarn ◽  
Punsa Tobwor ◽  
Rungnapa Leelatanawit ◽  
Somjai Wongtriphop ◽  
Jutatip Khudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Eyestalk Ablation ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Expression Levels

The delay in ovarian maturation in farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has resulted in the widespread practice of feeding broodstock with the polychaetes Perinereis nuntia and their unilateral eyestalk ablation. Although this practice alters fatty acid content in shrimp ovaries and hepatopancreas, its effects on fatty acid regulatory genes have yet to be systematically examined. Here, microarray analysis was performed on hepatopancreas and ovary cDNA collected from P. monodon at different ovarian maturation stages, revealing that 72 and 58 genes in fatty acid regulatory pathways were differentially expressed in hepatopancreas and ovaries respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ovarian maturation was associated with higher expression levels of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 in hepatopancreas, whereas the expression levels of 15 fatty acid regulatory genes were increased in shrimp ovaries. To distinguish the effects of different treatments, transcriptional changes were examined in P. monodon with stage 1 ovaries before polychaete feeding, after one-month of polychaete feeding and after eyestalk ablation. Polychaete feeding resulted in lower expression levels of enoyl-CoA hydratase and acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4, while the expression level of phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 was higher in shrimp hepatopancreas and ovaries. Additionally, eyestalk ablation resulted in a higher expression level of long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 in both tissues. Together, our findings describe the dynamics of fatty acid regulatory pathways during crustacean ovarian development and provide potential target genes for alternatives to eyestalk ablation in the future.

Moral Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Character Formation ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Self Formation

Herder develops a number of very important principles both in meta-ethics and in first-order morality. In meta-ethics he argues for a form of sentimentalism, but a form of it that acknowledges a role for cognition in the sentiments involved and which emphasizes their radical variability between periods and cultures. He also invents a “genetic” or “genealogical” method predicated on such variability and applies it to moral values in particular in order to make them better understood. And finally, he develops an ambitious theory and practice of moral pedagogy that rests on his sentimentalism and which accordingly focuses on causal influences on moral character formation, such as role models and literature. In first-order morality he invents an important pluralistic form of cosmopolitanism to replace the more usual but problematic homogenizing cosmopolitanism of the Enlightenment; an influential ideal of individual Bildung, or self-formation; and a distinctive ideal of humanity.

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