scholarly journals Halophytism: What Have We Learnt From Arabidopsis thaliana Relative Model Systems?

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 972-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana Kazachkova ◽  
Gil Eshel ◽  
Pramod Pantha ◽  
John M. Cheeseman ◽  
Maheshi Dassanayake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Model Systems

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Photoperiodic Flowering in Cultivated Strawberry

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105D-1105
Author(s):  
Philip Stewart ◽  
Daniel Sargent ◽  
Thomas Davis ◽  
Kevin Folta
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Photoperiodic Flowering ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Flowering Control

The molecular mechanisms governing photoperiodic flowering has been well defined in the model systems of Arabidopsis thaliana(a facultative long-day plant) and rice (a short-day plant). Photoperiodic flowering control is of great interest to strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) breeders and growers, and the genetics of photoperiodic flowering have been well studied, indicating that response to day-length is regulated by a small number of genetic loci. Cultivated strawberry is octoploid, so identification of these loci through forward genetic analyses is not practical. Since the componentry of the flowering response is generally conserved between monocots and dicots, we may assume that similar, if not identical, systems are functioning in strawberry as well. The goal of this work is to understand how cultivars likely containing identical photoperiod-sensing components are differentially sensitive to daylength. The expression patterns of genes relevant to the floraltransition were assessed under specific photoperiod conditions to assess similarities and/or differences to the model systems.

scholarly journals Compromised telomere maintenance in hypomethylated Arabidopsis thaliana plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 2919-2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ogrocká ◽  
Pavla Polanská ◽  
Eva Majerová ◽  
Zlatko Janeba ◽  
Jiří Fajkus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Cytosine Methylation ◽  
Telomere Maintenance ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Dna Repeats ◽  
Telomeric Dna ◽  
Telomere Shortening

Abstract Telomeres, nucleoprotein structures at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, are important for the maintenance of genomic stability. Telomeres were considered as typical heterochromatic regions, but in light of recent results, this view should be reconsidered. Asymmetrically located cytosines in plant telomeric DNA repeats may be substrates for a DNA methyltransferase enzyme and indeed, it was shown that these repeats are methylated. Here, we analyse the methylation of telomeric cytosines and the length of telomeres in Arabidopsis thaliana methylation mutants (met 1-3 and ddm 1-8), and in their wild-type siblings that were germinated in the presence of hypomethylation drugs. Our results show that cytosine methylation in telomeric repeats depends on the activity of MET1 and DDM1 enzymes. Significantly shortened telomeres occur in later generations of methylation mutants as well as in plants germinated in the presence of hypomethylation drugs, and this phenotype is stably transmitted to the next plant generation. A possible role of compromised in vivo telomerase action in the observed telomere shortening is hypothesized based on telomere analysis of hypomethylated telomerase knockout plants. Results are discussed in connection with previous data in this field obtained using different model systems.

scholarly journals Salicylic Acid-Induced Resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Squash and Arabidopsis thaliana: Contrasting Mechanisms of Induction and Antiviral Action

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl N. Mayers ◽  
Kian-Chung Lee ◽  
Catherine A. Moore ◽  
Sek-Man Wong ◽  
John P. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Antimycin A

Salicylic acid (SA)-induced resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) results from inhibition of systemic virus movement and is induced via a signal transduction pathway that also can be triggered by antimycin A, an inducer of the mitochondrial enzyme alternative oxidase (AOX). In Arabidopsis thaliana, inhibition of CMV systemic movement also is induced by SA and antimycin A. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying induced resistance to CMV in tobacco and A. thaliana are very similar. In contrast to the situation in tobacco and A. thaliana, in squash (Cucurbita pepo), SA-induced resistance to CMV results from inhibited virus accumulation in directly inoculated tissue, most likely through inhibition of cell-to-cell movement. Furthermore, neither of the AOX inducers antimycin A or KCN induced resistance to CMV in squash. Additionally, AOX inhibitors that compromise SAinduced resistance to CMV in tobacco did not inhibit SAinduced resistance to the virus in squash. The results show that different host species may use significantly different approaches to resist infection by the same virus. These findings also imply that caution is required when attempting to apply findings on plant-virus interactions from model systems to a wider range of host species.

Bacillus subtilis – Arabidopsis thaliana: a model interaction system for studying the role of volatile organic compounds in the interchange between plants and bacteria

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 661-669
Author(s):  
Fei Li ◽  
Min Tang ◽  
Xiaoxin Tang ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Jiyi Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Model System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Model Interaction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Ecological Importance

Plant–bacteria interactions are known to play important physiological roles in plant growth. Determining the mechanisms behind these interactions has paramount agricultural and ecological importance. Therefore, it is essential to study Plant–bacteria interactions and determine the relevant molecular mechanisms by using model systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding plant–bacteria interactions based on the Arabidopsis thaliana – Bacillus subtilis model system, and highlights future areas for research.

scholarly journals Ethylene inhibits stem trichome formation in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan I Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Normal Differentiation ◽  
Ethylene Insensitivity

Trichomes, specialized cells that form on the above ground parts of plants, are useful model systems for studying cell differentiation. In this study, the plant hormone ethylene was found to strongly inhibit formation of trichomes on stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants grown in the presence of high concentrations of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid fail to form trichomes on their primary inflorescences. In addition, plants carrying mutations in CTR1 that confer a constitutive response to ethylene exhibit severe reductions in stem trichome numbers. In contrast, plants carrying mutations that confer ethylene insensitivity, and plants grown in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, produce normal numbers of stem trichomes. Together, these results suggest that either excess ethylene or a constitutive ethylene response prevents the normal differentiation of cells that would otherwise form stem trichomes. Reduced ethylene levels and decreased ethylene response, in constrast, appear insufficient to cause cells that do not normally form trichomes to form trichomes. In contrast to ethylene, application of exogenous Glc results in increased stem trichome numbers. Besides affecting stem trichome numbers, ethylene may also affect branching of stem trichomes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the vast majority of stem trichomes are unbranched. When wild-type Arabidiopsis thaliana of the Col-0 ecotype are grown in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, the percentage of stem trichomes that are branched increases significantly. However, growth in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor does not affect stem branching in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana of the Ler-0 ecotype. Plants carrying the etr1-1 and ein2-1 mutations, which cause ethylene insensitivity, have an increased percentage of branched stem trichomes. In contrast, plants carrying the ctr1-1 and ctr1-12 mutations have a decreased percentage of branched stem trichomes. Growth in the presence of a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis also causes a substantial reduction in branching of Arabidopsis leaf trichomes, suggesting that ethylene has a negative effect on branching of both leaf and stem trichomes in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Evolution of herbivory remodels a Drosophila genome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Gloss ◽  
Anna C. Nelson Dittrich ◽  
Richard T. Lapoint ◽  
Benjamin Goldman-Huertas ◽  
Kirsten I. Verster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Drosophila Genome ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Mustard Oils

ABSTRACTOne-quarter of extant Eukaryotic species are herbivorous insects, yet the genomic basis of this extraordinary adaptive radiation is unclear. Recently-derived herbivorous species hold promise for understanding how colonization of living plant tissues shaped the evolution of herbivore genomes. Here, we characterized exceptional patterns of evolution coupled with a recent (<15 mya) transition to herbivory of mustard plants (Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana) in the fly genus Scaptomyza, nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. We discovered a radiation of mustard-specialized Scaptomyza species, comparable in diversity to the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Stable isotope, behavioral, and viability assays revealed these flies are obligate herbivores. Genome sequencing of one species, S. flava, revealed that the evolution of herbivory drove a contraction in gene families involved in chemosensation and xenobiotic metabolism. Against this backdrop of losses, highly targeted gains (“blooms”) were found in Phase I and Phase II detoxification gene sub-families, including glutathione S-transferase (Gst) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) genes. S. flava has more validated paralogs of a single Cyp450 (N=6 for Cyp6g1) and Gst (N=5 for GstE5-8) than any other drosophilid. Functional studies of the Gst repertoire in S. flava showed that transcription of S. flava GstE5-8 paralogs was differentially regulated by dietary mustard oils, and of 22 heterologously expressed cytosolic S. flava GST enzymes, GSTE5-8 enzymes were exceptionally well-adapted to mustard oil detoxification in vitro. One, GSTE5-8a, was an order of magnitude more efficient at metabolizing mustard oils than GSTs from any other metazoan. The serendipitous intersection of two genetic model organisms, Drosophila and Arabidopsis, helped illuminate how an insect genome was remodeled during the evolutionary transformation to herbivory, identifying mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of the most diverse guild of animal life.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe origin of land plants >400 million years ago (mya) spurred the diversification of plant-feeding (herbivorous) insects and triggered an ongoing chemical co-evolutionary arms race. Because ancestors of most herbivorous insects first colonized plants >200 mya, the sands of time have buried evidence of how their genomes changed with their diet. We leveraged the serendipitous intersection of two genetic model systems: a close relative of yeast-feeding fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the “wasabi fly” (Scaptomyza flava), that evolved to consume mustard plants including Arabidopsis thaliana. The yeast-to-mustard dietary transition remodeled the fly’s gene repertoire for sensing and detoxifying chemicals. Although many genes were lost, some underwent duplications that encode the most efficient detoxifying enzymes against mustard oils known from animals.

scholarly journals Ethylene inhibits stem trichome formation in Arabidopsis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan I Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Normal Differentiation ◽  
Ethylene Insensitivity

Trichomes, specialized cells that form on the above ground parts of plants, are useful model systems for studying cell differentiation. In this study, the plant hormone ethylene was found to strongly inhibit formation of trichomes on stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants grown in the presence of high concentrations of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid fail to form trichomes on their primary inflorescences. In addition, plants carrying mutations in CTR1 that confer a constitutive response to ethylene exhibit severe reductions in stem trichome numbers. In contrast, plants carrying mutations that confer ethylene insensitivity, and plants grown in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, produce normal numbers of stem trichomes. Together, these results suggest that either excess ethylene or a constitutive ethylene response prevents the normal differentiation of cells that would otherwise form stem trichomes. Reduced ethylene levels and decreased ethylene response, in constrast, appear insufficient to cause cells that do not normally form trichomes to form trichomes. In contrast to ethylene, application of exogenous Glc results in increased stem trichome numbers. Besides affecting stem trichome numbers, ethylene may also affect branching of stem trichomes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the vast majority of stem trichomes are unbranched. When wild-type Arabidiopsis thaliana of the Col-0 ecotype are grown in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, the percentage of stem trichomes that are branched increases significantly. However, growth in the presence of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor does not affect stem branching in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana of the Ler-0 ecotype. Plants carrying the etr1-1 and ein2-1 mutations, which cause ethylene insensitivity, have an increased percentage of branched stem trichomes. In contrast, plants carrying the ctr1-1 and ctr1-12 mutations have a decreased percentage of branched stem trichomes. Growth in the presence of a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis also causes a substantial reduction in branching of Arabidopsis leaf trichomes, suggesting that ethylene has a negative effect on branching of both leaf and stem trichomes in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Role of salicylate and jasmonate signaling in lipopolysaccharide-induced resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the phytopathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMB 9096

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
J. V. Shilina ◽  
M. I. Guscha ◽  
O. S. Molozhava ◽  
S. V. Litvinov ◽  
A. P. Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Jasmonate Signaling ◽  
Different Strains

Aim. The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from saprophytic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the resistance to phytopathogenic strain of P. aeruginosa IMB 9096. The wild-type (Col-0) Arabidopsis thaliana plants, npr1 mutant, which lacks expression of PR-genes, NahG genotype plants, expressing the bacterial gene of NahG salicylate hydrolase, jin1 mutant, insensitive to jasmonic acid, have been used as a model systems in resistance testing. Methods. Common phytopathological methods were used. Results. Lipopolysaccharide from the saprophyte P. aeruginosa IMV 8614 strain increased the resistance of seedlings of all genotypes to infection with phytopathogenic strain P. aeruginosa IMB 9096. The most effective protection had been observed in the mutant jin1. The protective effect was also observed in jin1 after the treatment with LPS derived from the saprophyte strain P. aeruginosa IMV 8615. LPS 8615 increased the sensitivity to infection in the NahG and npr1 transgenic plants, especially in NahG. LPS from the saprophyte P. aeruginosa IMV 8616 increased resistance to P. aeruginosa IMB 9096 infection in all four A. thaliana genotypes. Conclusions. The effect of LPS derived from different strains of saprophytic bacteria can both increase and decrease the sensitivity of plants to infection with bacterial phytopathogens. The effect of LPS depends upon the bacteria strain and the functional state of the salicylate and jasmonate signaling systems in the infected plants.Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lipopolysaccharide, induced resistanse

scholarly journals Model systems for regeneration:Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Maria Mathew ◽  
Kalika Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Perfect Model

ABSTRACTPlants encompass unparalleled multi-scale regenerative potential. Despite lacking specialized cells that are recruited to injured sites, and despite their cells being encased in rigid cell walls, plants exhibit a variety of regenerative responses ranging from the regeneration of specific cell types, tissues and organs, to the rebuilding of an entire organism. Over the years, extensive studies on embryo, shoot and root development in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying plant regeneration. These studies highlight how Arabidopsis, with its wide array of refined molecular, genetic and cell biological tools, provides a perfect model to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of reprogramming during regeneration.

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