scholarly journals Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Cellulose Microfibrils from Reconstituted Cellulose Synthase

2017 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Hyun Cho ◽  
Pallinti Purushotham ◽  
Chao Fang ◽  
Cassandra Maranas ◽  
Sara M. Díaz-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils

Auxin and Cell Wall Crosstalk as Revealed by the Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Mutant Radially Swollen 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiel A. Lehman ◽  
Karen A Sanguinet
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
Restrictive Temperature ◽  
Permissive Temperature ◽  
Anisotropic Expansion ◽  
Single Amino Acid Change

AbstractPlant cells sheath themselves in a complex lattice of polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes forming an integral matrix known as the cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils, the primary component of cell walls, are synthesized at the plasma membrane by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins throughout cellular growth and are responsible for turgor-driven anisotropic expansion. Associations between hormone signaling and cell wall biosynthesis have long been suggested, but recently direct links have been found revealing hormones play key regulatory roles in cellulose biosynthesis. The radially swollen 1 (rsw1) allele of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 harbors a single amino acid change that renders the protein unstable at high temperatures. We used the conditional nature of rsw1 to investigate how auxin contributes to isotropic growth. We found that exogenous auxin treatment reduces isotropic swelling in rsw1 roots at the restrictive temperature of 30�C. We also discovered decreases in auxin influx between rsw1 and wild-type roots via confocal imaging of AUX1-YFP, even at the permissive temperature of 19�C. Moreover, rsw1 displayed mis-expression of auxin-responsive and CESA genes. Additionally, we found altered auxin maxima in rsw1 mutant roots at the onset of swelling using DII-VENUS and DR5:vYFP auxin reporters. Overall, we conclude disrupted cell wall biosynthesis perturbs auxin transport leading to altered auxin homeostasis impacting both anisotropic and isotropic growth that affects overall root morphology.

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase complexes act in a concerted fashion to synthesize highly aggregated cellulose in secondary cell walls of plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (40) ◽  
pp. 11348-11353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shundai Li ◽  
Logan Bashline ◽  
Yunzhen Zheng ◽  
Xiaoran Xin ◽  
Shixin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
Secondary Cell Walls ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Membrane Spanning

Cellulose, often touted as the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, is a critical component of the plant cell wall and is synthesized by plasma membrane-spanning cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes, which in plants are organized into rosette-like CESA complexes (CSCs). Plants construct two types of cell walls, primary cell walls (PCWs) and secondary cell walls (SCWs), which differ in composition, structure, and purpose. Cellulose in PCWs and SCWs is chemically identical but has different physical characteristics. During PCW synthesis, multiple dispersed CSCs move along a shared linear track in opposing directions while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils with low aggregation. In contrast, during SCW synthesis, we observed swaths of densely arranged CSCs that moved in the same direction along tracks while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils that became highly aggregated. Our data support a model in which distinct spatiotemporal features of active CSCs during PCW and SCW synthesis contribute to the formation of cellulose with distinct structure and organization in PCWs and SCWs of Arabidopsis thaliana. This study provides a foundation for understanding differences in the formation, structure, and organization of cellulose in PCWs and SCWs.

scholarly journals A single heterologously expressed plant cellulose synthase isoform is sufficient for cellulose microfibril formation in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (40) ◽  
pp. 11360-11365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallinti Purushotham ◽  
Sung Hyun Cho ◽  
Sara M. Díaz-Moreno ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
B. Tracy Nixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation

Plant cell walls are a composite material of polysaccharides, proteins, and other noncarbohydrate polymers. In the majority of plant tissues, the most abundant polysaccharide is cellulose, a linear polymer of glucose molecules. As the load-bearing component of the cell wall, individual cellulose chains are frequently bundled into micro and macrofibrils and are wrapped around the cell. Cellulose is synthesized by membrane-integrated and processive glycosyltransferases that polymerize UDP-activated glucose and secrete the nascent polymer through a channel formed by their own transmembrane regions. Plants express several different cellulose synthase isoforms during primary and secondary cell wall formation; however, so far, none has been functionally reconstituted in vitro for detailed biochemical analyses. Here we report the heterologous expression, purification, and functional reconstitution of Populus tremula x tremuloides CesA8 (PttCesA8), implicated in secondary cell wall formation. The recombinant enzyme polymerizes UDP-activated glucose to cellulose, as determined by enzyme degradation, permethylation glycosyl linkage analysis, electron microscopy, and mutagenesis studies. Catalytic activity is dependent on the presence of a lipid bilayer environment and divalent manganese cations. Further, electron microscopy analyses reveal that PttCesA8 produces cellulose fibers several micrometers long that occasionally are capped by globular particles, likely representing PttCesA8 complexes. Deletion of the enzyme’s N-terminal RING-finger domain almost completely abolishes fiber formation but not cellulose biosynthetic activity. Our results demonstrate that reconstituted PttCesA8 is not only sufficient for cellulose biosynthesis in vitro but also suffices to bundle individual glucan chains into cellulose microfibrils.

In vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a membrane protein from protoplasts of the non-vascular plant Physcomitrella patens

2015 ◽  
Vol 470 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Hyun Cho ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Ian Sines ◽  
Venkata Giridhar Poosarla ◽  
Venkata Vepachedu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
In Vitro Synthesis

A membrane protein preparation isolated from moss protoplasts overexpressing the moss cellulose synthase 5 (CesA5), produced cellulose microfibrils. The microfibrils were frequently attached to putative CesA, suggesting that the moss is a useful system for studying plant CesA.

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase complex organization and cellulose microfibril structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 376 (2112) ◽  
pp. 20170048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Turner ◽  
Manoj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Cellulose Synthase Complex ◽  
The Individual

Cellulose consists of linear chains of β-1,4-linked glucose units, which are synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). In plants, these chains associate in an ordered manner to form the cellulose microfibrils. Both the CSC and the local environment in which the individual chains coalesce to form the cellulose microfibril determine the structure and the unique physical properties of the microfibril. There are several recent reviews that cover many aspects of cellulose biosynthesis, which include trafficking of the complex to the plasma membrane and the relationship between the movement of the CSC and the underlying cortical microtubules (Bringmann et al. 2012 Trends Plant Sci. 17 , 666–674 ( doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.003 ); Kumar & Turner 2015 Phytochemistry 112 , 91–99 ( doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.009 ); Schneider et al. 2016 Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 34 , 9–16 ( doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.007 )). In this review, we will focus on recent advances in cellulose biosynthesis in plants, with an emphasis on our current understanding of the structure of individual catalytic subunits together with the local membrane environment where cellulose synthesis occurs. We will attempt to relate this information to our current knowledge of the structure of the cellulose microfibril and propose a model in which variations in the structure of the CSC have important implications for the structure of the cellulose microfibril produced. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology’.

scholarly journals Cellulose-Synthesizing Machinery in Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Tajima ◽  
Tomoya Imai ◽  
Toshifumi Yui ◽  
Min Yao ◽  
Inder Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacterium ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Terminal Complexes ◽  
Glucan Chain

Abstract Cellulose is produced by all plants and a number of other organisms, including bacteria. The most representative cellulose-producing bacterial species is Gluconacetobacter xylinus (G. xylinus), an acetic acid bacterium. Cellulose produced by G. xylinus, commonly referred to as bacterial cellulose (BC), has exceptional physicochemical properties resulting in its use in a variety of applications. All cellulose-producing organisms that synthesize cellulose microfibrils have membrane-localized protein complexes (also called terminal complexes or TCs) that contain the enzyme cellulose synthase and other proteins. The bacterium G. xylinus is a prolific cellulose producer and a model organism for studies on cellulose biosynthesis. The widths of cellulose fibers produced by Gluconacetobacter are 50‒100 nm, suggesting that cellulose-synthesizing complexes are nanomachines spinning a nanofiber. At least four different proteins (BcsA, BcsB, BcsC, and BcsD) are included in TC from Gluconacetobacter, and the proposed function of each is as follows: BcsA, synthesis of a glucan chain through glycosyl transfer from UDP-glucose; BcsB, complexes with BcsA for cellulose synthase activity; BcsC, formation of a pore in the outer membrane through which a glucan chain is extruded; BcsD, regulates aggregation of glucan chains through four tunnel-like structures. In this review, we discuss structures and functions of these four and a few other proteins that have a role in cellulose biosynthesis in bacteria.

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) proteins move in the plasma membrane and their targeting to cell tips, but not cell plates, depends on the actin cytoskeleton

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Zon Wu ◽  
Arielle M. Chaves ◽  
Rongrong Li ◽  
Magdalena Bezanilla ◽  
Alison W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis

Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins are implicated in cell wall remodeling during tip growth and cell division in plants, and are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. It is unknown whether they form complexes and move in the plasma membrane like members of the Cellulose Synthase (CESA) family. We used the genetically tractable moss Physcomitrium patens, which has a filamentous protonemal stage that undergoes both tip growth and cell division and is amenable to high resolution live cell imaging, to investigate CSLD function and intracellular trafficking. CSLD2 and CSLD6 are highly expressed in gametophores and are redundantly required for gametophore cellular patterning. Live cell imaging revealed that CSLD6 is also expressed in protonemata where it moves in the plasma membrane and localizes to cell plates and cell tips. Notably, delivery to the apical plasma membrane, but not the cell plate, depends on actin. By comparing the behavior of endogenously tagged CSLD6 and CESA10, we discovered that CSLD6 movements in the plasma membrane were significantly faster, shorter in duration and less linear than CESA10 movements and were insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben. These data suggest that CSLD6 and CESA10 function within different structures and may thus produce structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.

scholarly journals Characterization of Cellulose Synthesis in Plant Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Sadat Maleki ◽  
Kourosh Mohammadi ◽  
Kong-shu Ji
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Cellulose Synthase Complex

Cellulose is the most significant structural component of plant cell wall. Cellulose, polysaccharide containing repeated unbranchedβ(1-4) D-glucose units, is synthesized at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) from bacteria to plants. The CSC is involved in biosynthesis of cellulose microfibrils containing 18 cellulose synthase (CesA) proteins. Macrofibrils can be formed with side by side arrangement of microfibrils. In addition, beside CesA, various proteins like the KORRIGAN, sucrose synthase, cytoskeletal components, and COBRA-like proteins have been involved in cellulose biosynthesis. Understanding the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis is of great importance not only for improving wood production in economically important forest trees to mankind but also for plant development. This review article covers the current knowledge about the cellulose biosynthesis-related gene family.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

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