scholarly journals High-Temperature Perturbation of Starch Synthesis Is Attributable to Inhibition of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase by Decreased Levels of Glycerate-3-Phosphate in Growing Potato Tubers

1998 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1307-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Geigenberger ◽  
Michael Geiger ◽  
Mark Stitt
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Temperature Perturbation ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Adp Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

The Effect of High Temperature on Starch Synthesis and the Activity of Starch Synthase

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Denyer ◽  
CM Hylton ◽  
AM Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Heat Sensitivity ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Storage Organs

The decrease in yield which is observed when developing storage organs such as cereal grains or potato tubers are exposed to high temperatures is due to a lower final starch content. The rate of starch synthesis during the development of these storage organs at high temperature, is either reduced or fails to increase sufficiently to compensate for the shorter developmental period. This effect on the rate of starch synthesis does not seem to be due to a reduction in the supply of photosynthate. One of the enzymes in the pathway of starch synthesis, soluble starch synthase, is susceptible to heat inactivation at unusually low temperatures and may also have a low optimum temperature for maximum activity. In some storage organs, the maximum catalytic activity of soluble starch synthase is not very much greater than the rate of starch synthesis. A decrease in the activity of this enzyme is therefore, likely to affect the rate of starch synthesis. Thus, the effect of high temperature on the rate of starch synthesis may be due, at least in part, to the properties of this enzyme. This review discusses the unusual heat-sensitivity of starch synthase in the context ofthe effects of high temperature on starch synthesis in storage organs.

scholarly journals Starch Synthesis in Potato Tubers Is Regulated by Post-Translational Redox Modification of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2191-2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Tiessen ◽  
Janneke H. M. Hendriks ◽  
Mark Stitt ◽  
Anja Branscheid ◽  
Yves Gibon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Adp Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Разработка и тестирование универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (Pain-1) у видов и сортов картофеля

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Vacuolar Invertase ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Cold Induced Sweetening ◽  
Design And Testing

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).

Molecular Cloning and Spatial Expression of an ApL1 cDNA for the Large Subunit of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Arabidopsis thaliana

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek A. Kleszkowski ◽  
Lubomir N. Sokolov ◽  
Cheng Luo ◽  
Per Villand
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Homologous Proteins ◽  
Peptide Cleavage ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Calculated Molecular Weight ◽  
Adp Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

Abstract A cDNA, A p L 1a , corresponding to a homologue of the large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AG Pase), has been isolated/characterised by screening a cDNA library prepared from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by rapid amplification of cDNA 3′-ends (3′-RACE). Within the 1685 nucleotide-long sequence (excluding polyA tail), an open reading frame encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (aa), with a calculated molecular weight of 57.7 kDa. The derived aa sequence does not contain any discernible transit peptide cleavage site motif, similarly to two other recently sequenced full-length Arabidopsis homo-logues for AGPase, and shows ca. 58–78 % identity to homologous proteins from other plants/tissues. The corresponding gene was found (rosette and stem leaves, stems, flowers and fruits), consistent with its critical role in starch synthesis in

Starch Synthesis in the Kernel of Wheat Under High Temperature Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Temperature Responses

As temperature rises above 18-22�C, the observed decrease in the duration of deposition of dry matter in the kernel is not accompanied by a compensating increase in the rate of grain filling with the result that grain weight (and yield) is diminished at high temperature. Reduced starch content accounts for most of the reduction in grain dry matter at high temperature. Responses to temperature in the low temperature range, 20-30�C (the LTR), could possibly be ascribed to the temperature response characteristics of the reaction catalysed by soluble starch synthase (SSS), the enzyme synthesising starch. However, the rate of cell enlargement and the rate of accumulation of nitrogen in the grain also do not increase much as temperature rises, so other explanations are conceivable for the temperature responses in the LTR. Variation amongst cultivars of wheat in tolerance of high temperature is evident in the LTR. At temperatures above 30�C (in the high temperature range (HTR) between 30 and 40�C), even for short periods, the rate of starch deposition is slower than that observed at lower temperatures, an effect which is carried over after transfer from high to lower temperatures. This response is attributable to a reduction in the activity, possibly due to thermal denaturation, of SSS. Several forms of SSS are found in cereal endosperm, and some forms may be more tolerant of high temperature than others. Loss of enzyme activity at high temperature is swift, but is partly restored some time after transfer from hot to cool conditions. There appear to be two distinct mechanisms of response to elevated temperature, both resulting in a reduced grain weight through reduced starch deposition, but one of them is important only in the range of temperature above 30�C.

Sucrose accumulation during high-temperature storage of potato tubers

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Verma ◽  
T. R. Sharma ◽  
S. M. Varma
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
High Temperature Storage ◽  
Temperature Storage
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