scholarly journals The Role of TIR-NBS and TIR-X Proteins in Plant Basal Defense Responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 1459-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Nandety ◽  
J. L. Caplan ◽  
K. Cavanaugh ◽  
B. Perroud ◽  
T. Wroblewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Basal Defense

scholarly journals The Effect of Fusarium verticillioides Fumonisins on Fatty Acids, Sphingolipids, and Oxylipins in Maize Germlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2435
Author(s):  
Marzia Beccaccioli ◽  
Manuel Salustri ◽  
Valeria Scala ◽  
Matteo Ludovici ◽  
Andrea Cacciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium verticillioides causes multiple diseases of Zea mays (maize) including ear and seedling rots, contaminates seeds and seed products worldwide with toxic chemicals called fumonisins. The role of fumonisins in disease is unclear because, although they are not required for ear rot, they are required for seedling diseases. Disease symptoms may be due to the ability of fumonisins to inhibit ceramide synthase activity, the expected cause of lipids (fatty acids, oxylipins, and sphingolipids) alteration in infected plants. In this study, we explored the impact of fumonisins on fatty acid, oxylipin, and sphingolipid levels in planta and how these changes affect F. verticillioides growth in maize. The identity and levels of principal fatty acids, oxylipins, and over 50 sphingolipids were evaluated by chromatography followed by mass spectrometry in maize infected with an F. verticillioides fumonisin-producing wild-type strain and a fumonisin-deficient mutant, after different periods of growth. Plant hormones associated with defense responses, i.e., salicylic and jasmonic acid, were also evaluated. We suggest that fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides alter maize lipid metabolism, which help switch fungal growth from a relatively harmless endophyte to a destructive necrotroph.

scholarly journals Role of Ca2+ in Mediating Plant Responses to Extracellular ATP and ADP

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Clark ◽  
Stanley Roux
Keyword(s):  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Extracellular Nucleotides ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase

Among the most recently discovered chemical regulators of plant growth and development are extracellular nucleotides, especially extracellular ATP (eATP) and extracellular ADP (eADP). Plant cells release ATP into their extracellular matrix under a variety of different circumstances, and this eATP can then function as an agonist that binds to a specific receptor and induces signaling changes, the earliest of which is an increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt). This initial change is then amplified into downstream-signaling changes that include increased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which ultimately lead to major changes in the growth rate, defense responses, and leaf stomatal apertures of plants. This review presents and discusses the evidence that links receptor activation to increased [Ca2+]cyt and, ultimately, to growth and diverse adaptive changes in plant development. It also discusses the evidence that increased [Ca2+]cyt also enhances the activity of apyrase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) enzymes that function in multiple subcellular locales to hydrolyze ATP and ADP, and thus limit or terminate the effects of these potent regulators.

Nitrate reductases and hemoglobins control nitrogen-fixing symbiosis by regulating nitric oxide accumulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Berger ◽  
Alexandre Boscari ◽  
Alain Puppo ◽  
Renaud Brouquisse
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
No Production ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Nitrate Reductases

Abstract The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between plant and bacteria. This is characterized by the formation of a new organ, the nodule, which facilitates the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by nitrogenase through the creation of a hypoxic environment. Nitric oxide (NO) accumulates at each stage of the symbiotic process. NO is involved in defense responses, nodule organogenesis and development, nitrogen fixation metabolism, and senescence induction. During symbiosis, either successively or simultaneously, NO regulates gene expression, modulates enzyme activities, and acts as a metabolic intermediate in energy regeneration processes via phytoglobin-NO respiration and the bacterial denitrification pathway. Due to the transition from normoxia to hypoxia during nodule formation, and the progressive presence of the bacterial partner in the growing nodules, NO production and degradation pathways change during the symbiotic process. This review analyzes the different source and degradation pathways of NO, and highlights the role of nitrate reductases and hemoproteins of both the plant and bacterial partners in the control of NO accumulation.

scholarly journals Amygdala Underlies the Environment Dependency of Defense Responses Induced via Superior Colliculus

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Isa ◽  
Kota Tokuoka ◽  
Sakura Ikeda ◽  
Sara Karimi ◽  
Kenta Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Open Platform ◽  
Environmental Setting

In our previous study, we showed that the defense responses induced by the selective optogenetic activation of the uncrossed output pathway from the deeper layer of the superior colliculus were environment dependent in the mouse. In a small closed box, the stimulus frequently induced flight (fast forward run away) responses, while in a large open field, the stimulus tended to induce backward retreat responses. We tested a hypothesis that the amygdala is involved in such environment dependency of the innate defense responses. For this purpose, we made a bilateral lesion of the amygdala induced by the ibotenic acid injections in male mice. As a result, in the mice with lesions of substantial portions of the basolateral and basomedial complex, the flight responses in the closed box disappeared and retreat responses were mainly induced. The retreat responses on the open platform were unchanged. Classically, the amygdala has been considered to be involved in the memory-dependent contextual modulation of the fear responses. In contrast, the present results suggest a novel view on the role of the amygdala in which the amygdala plays a key role in sensing the current environmental setting for making a quick decision of action upon emergency, which is critical for survival in the natural environment.

scholarly journals The DBL-1/TGF-β signaling pathway regulates pathogen-specific innate immune responses in C. elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoomi Madhu ◽  
Tina L. Gumienny
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Multiple Cell

Innate immunity in animals is orchestrated by multiple cell signaling pathways, including the TGF-β; superfamily pathway. While the role of TGF-β signaling in innate immunity has been clearly identified, the requirement for this pathway in generating specific, robust responses to different bacterial challenges has not been characterized. Here, we address the role of DBL-1/TGF-β in regulating signature host defense responses to a wide range of bacteria in C. elegans. This work reveals a role of DBL-1/TGF-β in animal survival, organismal behaviors, and molecular responses in different environments. Additionally, we identify a novel role for SMA-4/Smad that suggests both DBL-1/TGF-β-dependent and -independent functions in host avoidance responses. RNA-seq analyses and immunity reporter studies indicate DBL-1/TGF-β differentially regulates target gene expression upon exposure to different bacteria. Furthermore, the DBL-1/TGF-β pathway is itself differentially affected by the bacteria exposure. Collectively, these findings demonstrate bacteria-specific host immune responses regulated by the DBL-1/TGF-β signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of PR-1 Genes From Piper Nigrum Reveals Critical Role in Defense Response During Phytophthora Capsici Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Kattupalli ◽  
Asha Sriniva ◽  
Soniya E V
Keyword(s):  
Function Analysis ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Background: Black pepper is a prominent spice which is an indispensable ingredient in culinary and traditional medicine. Phytophthora capsici, the causative agent of foot rot disease causes drastic constraint in black pepper cultivation and productivity. To counterattack various biotic and abiotic stresses plants employ a broad array of mechanisms one such includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Several studies have reported the role of PR-1 proteins in triggering the plant defenses during plant-oomycete interaction.Results: Through the genome-wide survey, eleven PR-1 genes that belongs to a CAP superfamily protein with Caveolin-Binding Motif (CBM) and CAP-derived peptide (CAPE) were identified from P. nigrum. Despite the critical functional domains, PnPR1 homologs differ in their signal peptide motifs, and core amino acid sequence composition in the functional protein domains. The GO, biological function analysis reveals their role in defense responses and response to biotic stimulus whereas the KEGG functional annotation predicted their function in the plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, transcriptome-assisted FPKM analysis revealed PnPR-1 genes mapped to P. nigrum - P. capsici interaction pathway. The differentially expressed pathogen-responsive PR-1 gene was validated through qRT-PCR. Subsequent analysis revealed the structural details, phylogenetic relationships, conserved sequence motifs and critical cis-regulatory elements of PnPR-1 genes.Conclusion: This is the first genome-wide study that identified the role of PR-1 genes during P. nigrum - P. capsici interactions. The detailed in silico experimental analysis revealed the vital role of PnPR-1 genes in regulating the first layer of defense towards P. capsici infection in Panniyur-1 plants.

scholarly journals All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1368-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenu S. Padmanabhan ◽  
S. P. Dinesh-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Innate Immunity ◽  
Er Quality Control ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Cytoplasmic Transport

Plant innate immunity is mediated by cell membrane and intracellular immune receptors that function in distinct and overlapping cell-signaling pathways to activate defense responses. It is becoming increasingly evident that immune receptors rely on components from multiple organelles for the generation of appropriate defense responses. This review analyzes the defense-related functions of the chloroplast, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during plant innate immunity. It details the role of the chloroplasts in synthesizing defense-specific second messengers and discusses the retrograde signal transduction pathways that exist between the chloroplast and nucleus. Because the activities of immune modulators are regulated, in part, by their subcellular localization, the review places special emphasis on the dynamics and nuclear–cytoplasmic transport of immune receptors and regulators and highlights the importance of this process in generating orderly events during an innate immune response. The review also covers the recently discovered contributions of the ER quality-control pathways in ensuring the signaling competency of cell surface immune receptors or immune regulators.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Expression of PFT, an FHB Resistance Gene at the Fhb1 QTL in Wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 730-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi He ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Dawood Ahmad ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Flanking Sequence ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Sumai 3

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive fungal disease in wheat worldwide. Efforts have been carried out to combat this disease, and the pore-forming toxin-like (PFT) gene at the quantitative trait locus (QTL) Fhb1 was isolated and found to confer resistance to FHB in Sumai 3. In this study, we characterized PFT in 348 wheat accessions. Four haplotypes of PFT were identified. The wild haplotype of PFT had higher resistance than other haplotypes and explained 13.8% of phenotypic variation in FHB resistance by association analysis. PFT was highly expressed during early flowering and increased after Fusarium graminearum treatment in Sumai 3. Analysis of the 5′ flanking sequence of PFT predicted that the cis elements of the PFT promoter were related to hormones and biological defense responses. However, PFT existed not only in the FHB-resistant accessions but also in some susceptible accessions. These results suggested that FHB resistance in a diverse range of wheat genotypes is partially conditioned by PFT. The profiling of FHB resistance and the PFT locus in this large collection of wheat germplasm may prove helpful for incorporating FHB resistance into wheat breeding programs, although more work is needed to reveal the exact role of the QTL Fhb1 in conferring resistance to fungal spread.

Plant Resistance Genes for Fungal Pathogens - Physiological Models and Identification in Cereal Crops

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 969-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Knogge
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction

The complex biological phenomenon “resistance” can be reduced to single Mendelian traits acting on both the plant and the pathogen side in a number of pathosystems. According to the “gene-for-gene hypothesis”, the outcome of a plant/pathogen interaction in these cases is incompatibility if a plant carrying a particular resistance gene and a pathogen with the complementary avirulence gene meet. This suggests a causal role of resistance genes in a recognition process initiating active plant defense responses. Fundamentally different strategies are followed to identify these genes molecularly depending on the plant and pathogen species involved. Fungal diseases of crop plants, especially those of cereals, cause dramatic yield losses worldwide. It is assumed that a molecular characterization of plant genes conferring resistance to fungal pathogens will lead to a better understanding of the plant defense system in general permitting the development of new methods of crop plant protection.

scholarly journals The Zα2 domain of ZBP1 is a molecular switch regulating influenza-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality during development

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (24) ◽  
pp. 8325-8330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sannula Kesavardhana ◽  
R. K. Subbarao Malireddi ◽  
Amanda R. Burton ◽  
Shaina N. Porter ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Perinatal Lethality

Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is an innate immune sensor of nucleic acids that regulates host defense responses and development. ZBP1 activation triggers inflammation and pyroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis (PANoptosis) by activating receptor-interacting Ser/Thr kinase 3 (RIPK3), caspase-8, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. ZBP1 is unique among innate immune sensors because of its N-terminal Zα1 and Zα2 domains, which bind to nucleic acids in the Z-conformation. However, the specific role of these Zα domains in orchestrating ZBP1 activation and subsequent inflammation and cell death is not clear. Here we generated Zbp1ΔZα2/ΔZα2 mice that express ZBP1 lacking the Zα2 domain and demonstrate that this domain is critical for influenza A virus–induced PANoptosis and underlies perinatal lethality in mice in which the RIP homotypic interaction motif domain of RIPK1 has been mutated (Ripk1mRHIM/mRHIM). Deletion of the Zα2 domain in ZBP1 abolished influenza A virus–induced PANoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, deletion of the Zα2 domain of ZBP1 was sufficient to rescue Ripk1mRHIM/mRHIM mice from perinatal lethality caused by ZBP1-driven cell death and inflammation. Our findings identify the essential role of the Zα2 domain of ZBP1 in several physiological functions and establish a link between Z-RNA sensing via the Zα2 domain and promotion of influenza-induced PANoptosis and perinatal lethality.

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