scholarly journals Metabolism of the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Leaves of Ajuga reptans L. (Inter- and Intracellular Compartmentation)

1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bachmann ◽  
F. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Intracellular Compartmentation

Vacuolar chain elongation of raffinose oligosaccharides in Ajuga reptans

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Braun ◽  
Felix Keller
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Assimilate Transport ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Raffinose Oligosaccharides ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Long Chain

This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 Galactan : galactan galactosyltransferase (GGT) is the key enzyme responsible for the accumulation of long-chain raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs; α-D-galn(1,6) α-D-glc(1,2) β-D-fru) in Ajuga reptans L. leaves during autumn and winter. The exact subcellular location of GGT is not known and its elucidation was the aim of this paper. A method for the isolation of vacuoles from A. reptans mesophyll protoplasts was developed using a pH and osmotic shock to rupture the plasma membrane selectively. By comparing protoplasts with vacuoles, GGT was confirmed to be a vacuolar enzyme. By comparing vacuoles with tonoplast vesicles and cell sap fractions, GGT was further shown to reside in the cell sap and not in the tonoplast. These findings suggest the need for a tonoplast-bound mechanism for the transport of short-chain RFOs such as stachyose or raffinose into the vacuole for subsequent chain elongation.

Winter Survival Evaluation of 172 Groundcovers in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453d-453
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
E.A. HedBorn ◽  
S.A. Mehaffey ◽  
A.S. Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei

The winter hardiness of many groundcover cultivars in northern Illinois is not well-known. This study was designed to evaluate the survival of 172 plants used in the groundcover path at The Morton Arboretum. Once a month, from Sept.1997 to Jan. 1998, the plants chosen for this study were visually evaluated and their vitality rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = alive, 5 = dead). All nine cultivars of Euonymus fortunei remained virtually unchanged throughout the study period. Among six cultivars of Hedera helix, only `Gold Heart' showed minor damage in November. Nine Heuchera were evaluated and all exhibited excellent resistance to cold temperatures. While all the Pulmonarias studied showed some cold damage by November, `Bielefeld Pink', `Little Blue', `Roy Davidson', Pulmonaria longifolia var. cevennensis, and Pulmonaria officinalis `Sissinghurst White' fared the best for the longest period of time. Five cultivars of Pachysandra terminalis were included in this study. None had significant damage until November, and then only rated a “2.” Of the eight Ajuga evaluated, Ajuga pyramidalis `Metallica Crispa', and Ajuga reptans `Braunherz', `Catlin's Giant', and `Gaiety', exhibited the best cold resistance. Four Polygonums varied widely in their response to cold temperatures, but all showed signs of severe damage in November. Polygonum `Border Jewel' exhibited the best tolerance, rating a “1” in October, but in November it was given a rating of “4.” Their recovery in spring will be compared.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression Analysis of the Genes Involved in the Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides Pathway of Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465
Author(s):  
Ramon de Koning ◽  
Raphaël Kiekens ◽  
Mary Esther Muyoka Toili ◽  
Geert Angenon
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Raffinose Synthase

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) play an important role in plants but are also considered to be antinutritional factors. A profound understanding of the galactinol and RFO biosynthetic gene families and the expression patterns of the individual genes is a prerequisite for the sustainable reduction of the RFO content in the seeds, without compromising normal plant development and functioning. In this paper, an overview of the annotation and genetic structure of all galactinol- and RFO biosynthesis genes is given for soybean and common bean. In common bean, three galactinol synthase genes, two raffinose synthase genes and one stachyose synthase gene were identified for the first time. To discover the expression patterns of these genes in different tissues, two expression atlases have been created through re-analysis of publicly available RNA-seq data. De novo expression analysis through an RNA-seq study during seed development of three varieties of common bean gave more insight into the expression patterns of these genes during the seed development. The results of the expression analysis suggest that different classes of galactinol- and RFO synthase genes have tissue-specific expression patterns in soybean and common bean. With the obtained knowledge, important galactinol- and RFO synthase genes that specifically play a key role in the accumulation of RFOs in the seeds are identified. These candidate genes may play a pivotal role in reducing the RFO content in the seeds of important legumes which could improve the nutritional quality of these beans and would solve the discomforts associated with their consumption.

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