scholarly journals Phased Control of Expansin Activity during Leaf Development Identifies a Sensitivity Window for Expansin-Mediated Induction of Leaf Growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 1844-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sloan ◽  
Andreas Backhaus ◽  
Robert Malinowski ◽  
Simon McQueen-Mason ◽  
Andrew J. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves across Late Developmental Stages Based on RNA-Seq and Co-Expression Network

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Hailin Liu ◽  
Xin Han ◽  
Jue Ruan ◽  
Lian Xu ◽  
Bing He
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Gene Modules

The final size of plant leaves is strictly controlled by environmental and genetic factors, which coordinate cell expansion and cell cycle activity in space and time; however, the regulatory mechanisms of leaf growth are still poorly understood. Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious species native to China with medicinally and phylogenetically important characteristics, and its fan-shaped leaves are unique in gymnosperms, while the mechanism of G. biloba leaf development remains unclear. In this study we studied the transcriptome of G. biloba leaves at three developmental stages using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. Approximately 4167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, and a total of 12,137 genes were structure optimized together with 732 new genes identified. More than 50 growth-related factors and gene modules were identified based on DEG and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. These results could remarkably expand the existing transcriptome resources of G. biloba, and provide references for subsequent analysis of ginkgo leaf development.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. I. Predictability of leaf form and primordial length

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Plastochron Index

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) seedlings are heteroblastic; during development they produce two types of leaves, simple and compound. When grown under controlled conditions, the sequence of leaf types is predictable. Simple leaves are always at the first four nodes; compound leaves are always at node 8 and above. Nodes 5 through 7 have progressively fewer simple leaves and more compound leaves. Leaf growth on seedlings meets the preconditions of the plastochron index and leaf plastochron index. These indices, as well as the length of single expanding leaves, can be used to predict lengths of leaf primordia at nodes 4 and 8 so that early, simple and compound leaf development can be compared in further studies of green ash.

scholarly journals Rice leaves undergo a rapid metabolic reconfiguration during a specific stage of primordium development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Cox ◽  
Heather J Walker ◽  
James Pitman ◽  
W Paul Quick ◽  
Lisa M Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Rice Leaf ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Developmental Index

Leaf development is crucial to establish the photosynthetic competency of plants. It is a process that requires coordinated changes in cell number, cell differentiation, transcriptomes, metabolomes and physiology. However, despite the importance of leaf formation for our major crops, early developmental processes for rice have not been comprehensively described. Here we detail the temporal developmental trajectory of early rice leaf development and connect morphological changes to metabolism. In particular, a developmental index based on the patterning of epidermal differentiation visualised by electron microscopy enabled high resolution staging of early growth for single primordium metabolite profiling. These data demonstrate that a switch in the constellation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites defines a narrow window towards the end of the P3 stage of leaf development. Taken in the context of other data in the literature, our results substantiate that this phase of rice leaf growth, equivalent to a change of primordium length from around 5 to 7.5 mm, defines a major shift in rice leaf determination towards a photosynthetically defined structure. We speculate that efforts to engineer rice leaf structure should focus on the developmental window prior to these determining events.

Geranyl Acetate Esterase Controls and Regulates the Level of Geraniol in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud.) Mutant cv. GRL-1 Leaves

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Ganjewala ◽  
Rajesh Luthra
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Geranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Acetate Esterase

Essential oil isolated from lemongrass (Cymbopogon fl exuosus) mutant cv. GRL-1 leaves is mainly composed of geraniol (G) and geranyl acetate (GA). The proportion of G and GA markedly fluctuates during leaf development. The proportions of GA and G in the essential oil recorded at day 10 after leaf emergence were ~59% and ~33% respectively. However, the level of GA went down from ~59 to ~3% whereas the level of G rose from ~33 to ~91% during the leaf growth period from day 10 to day 50. However, the decline in the level of GA was most pronounced in the early (day 10 to day 30) stage of leaf growth. The trend of changes in the proportion of GA and G has clearly indicated the role of an esterase that must be involved in the conversion of GA to G during leaf development. We isolated an esterase from leaves of different ages that converts GA into G and has been given the name geranyl acetate esterase (GAE). The GAE activity markedly varied during the leaf development cycle; it was closely correlated with the monoterpene (GA and G) composition throughout leaf development. GAE appeared as several isoenzymes but only three (GAE-I, GAE-II, and GAE-III) of them had significant GA cleaving activity. The GAE isoenzymes pattern was greatly influenced by the leaf developmental stages and so their GA cleaving activities. Like the GAE activity, GAE isoenzyme patterns were also found to be consistent with the monoterpene (GA and G) composition. GAE had an optimum pH at 8.5 and temperature at 30 °C. Besides GAE, a compound with phosphatase activity capable of hydrolyzing geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to produce geraniol has also been isolated.

Water Relations of Expanding Leaves

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWR Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Turgor Maintenance ◽  
Yield Threshold

The reactivity of leaf growth to changes in plant water status has been analysed in terms of leaf development, water transport and turgor. The different growth patterns of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous leaves result in fundamental differences in the water relations of expanding leaves. Most monocotyledonous leaf cells complete their expansion phase within the protective older leaf bases, while the majority of dicotyledonous leaf cells expand in an exposed evaporative environment. The consequence of this morphological difference is that expanding monocotyledonous leaves behave similarly to other enclosed tissue during water stress by exhibiting turgor maintenance through osmotic adjustment. Expanding dicotyledonous leaves do not exhibit this response. The maintenance of turgor in monocotyledons in the absence of leaf expansion suggests that growth is controlled by the yield threshold of the cell wall during episodes of water stress.

Patterns of leaf development in anisophyllous shoots

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Correlated Characters

Comparisons of the development of the dimorphic leaves of anisophyllous shoots can be used to understand how ontogenies might be modified during evolution to produce morphological change. In anisophyllous shoots, leaves of different sizes are borne on the dorsal and ventral sides of plagiotropic stems. Anisophylly is regarded as an adaptation for light interception in strongly shaded habitats since the small size of dorsal leaves and orientation of leaf blades minimizes self-shading. Anisophylly affects not only the patterns of leaf development, but also shoot symmetry, phyllotaxis, and bud development. Pronounced anisophylly is widely distributed throughout the land plants as a result of convergent evolution, possibly in response to similar selection pressures. In taxa where the expression of anisophylly is fixed, leaf primordium size and correlated characters, including the development of procambium, differ between dorsal and ventral sides of the shoot from the first plastochron. In contrast, patterns of dorsal and ventral leaf growth and correlated characteristics diverge late in development, often at the time leaves expand from the bud, in taxa where the expression of anisophylly is facultative. These observations indicate that changes in the timing of developmental events can account for many, but not all, of the ontogenetic alterations that result in divergent leaf size and shape on the same shoot and, by implication, accompany the evolution of new taxa. Key words: leaf development, anisophylly, heterochrony.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of the Morphological Plasticity Induced by Phytohormones and the Environment in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Shiqi Hu ◽  
Xuyao Zhao ◽  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Yixian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Leaf Morphogenesis ◽  
Environmental Signals

Plants adapt to environmental changes by regulating their development and growth. As an important interface between plants and their environment, leaf morphogenesis varies between species, populations, or even shows plasticity within individuals. Leaf growth is dependent on many environmental factors, such as light, temperature, and submergence. Phytohormones play key functions in leaf development and can act as molecular regulatory elements in response to environmental signals. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effects of different environmental factors and phytohormone pathways on morphological plasticity and intend to summarize the advances in leaf development. In addition, we detail the molecular mechanisms of heterophylly, the representative of leaf plasticity, providing novel insights into phytohormones and the environmental adaptation in plants.

scholarly journals Identification of TCP13 as an Upstream Regulator of ATHB12 during Leaf Development

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Sun Hur ◽  
Jiyoung Kim ◽  
Sunghan Kim ◽  
Ora Son ◽  
Woo-Young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Upstream Regulator ◽  
Hybrid Screening

Leaves grow by distinct phases controlled by gene regulatory networks including many transcription factors. Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox 12 (ATHB12) promotes leaf growth especially during the cell expansion phase. In this study, we identify TCP13, a member of the TCP transcription factor family, as an upstream inhibitor of ATHB12. Yeast one-hybrid screening using a 1.2-kb upstream region of ATHB12 resulted in the isolation of TCP13 as well as other transcription factors. Transgenic plants constitutively expressing TCP13 displays a significant reduction in leaf cell size especially during the cell expansion period, while repression of TCP13 and its paralogs (TCP5 and TCP17) result in enlarged leaf cells, indicating that TCP13 and its paralogs inhibit leaf development, mainly at the cell expansion phase. Its expression pattern during leaf expansion phase is opposite to ATHB12 expression. Consistently, the expression of ATHB12 and its downstream genes decreases when TCP13 was overexpressed, and increases when the expression of TCP13 and its paralogs is repressed. In chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using TCP13-GFP plants, a fragment of the ATHB12 upstream region that contains the consensus sequence for TCP binding is strongly enriched. Taken together, these findings indicate that TCP13 and its paralogs inhibit leaf growth by repressing ATHB12 expression.

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