scholarly journals The Effect of Xyloglucans on the Degradation of Cell-Wall-Embedded Cellulose by the Combined Action of Cellobiohydrolase and Endoglucanases from Trichoderma viride

1994 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Vincken ◽  
G. Beldman ◽  
AGJ. Voragen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Combined Action

scholarly journals Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors of Stilbenes Production in Vitis vinifera L. Cell Culture

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Martin Sák ◽  
Ivana Dokupilová ◽  
Šarlota Kaňuková ◽  
Michaela Mrkvová ◽  
Daniel Mihálik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Treated Plant ◽  
Abiotic Elicitors ◽  
In Vitro Cell Cultures ◽  
Red Grape

The in vitro cell cultures derived from the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have been used for the production of stilbenes treated with different biotic and abiotic elicitors. The red-grape cultivar Váh has been elicited by natural cellulose from Trichoderma viride, the cell wall homogenate from Fusarium oxysporum and synthetic jasmonates. The sodium-orthovanadate, known as an inhibitor of hypersensitive necrotic response in treated plant cells able to enhance production and release of secondary metabolite into the cultivation medium, was used as an abiotic elicitor. Growth of cells and the content of phenolic compounds trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, δ-viniferin, and ɛ-viniferin, were analyzed in grapevine cells treated by individual elicitors. The highest accumulation of analyzed individual stilbenes, except of trans-piceid has been observed after treatment with the cell wall homogenate from F. oxysporum. Maximum production of trans-resveratrol, δ- and ɛ-viniferins was triggered by treatment with cellulase from T. viride. The accumulation of trans-piceid in cell cultures elicited by this cellulase revealed exactly the opposite effect, with almost three times higher production of trans-resveratrol than that of trans-piceid. This study suggested that both used fungal elicitors can enhance production more effectively than commonly used jasmonates.

scholarly journals Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

1974 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jones ◽  
Alex. H. Gordon ◽  
John S. D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

Peroxidase: a multifunctional enzyme in grapevines

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Ros Barceló ◽  
Federico Pomar ◽  
Matías López-Serrano ◽  
Maria Angeles Pedreño
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Peroxidase Isoenzyme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Uv C

Peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes that catalyse the one-electron oxidation of several substrates at the expense of H2O2. They are probably encoded by a large multigene family in grapevines, and therefore show a high degree of polymorphism. Grapevine peroxidases are glycoproteins of high thermal stability, whose molecular weight usually ranges from 35 to 45 kDa. Their visible spectrum shows absorption bands characteristic of high-spin class III peroxidases. Grapevine peroxidases are capable of accepting a wide range of natural compounds as substrates, such as the cell wall protein extensin, plant growth regulators such as IAA, and phenolics such as benzoic acids, stilbenes, flavonols, cinnamyl alcohols and anthocyanins. They are located in cell walls and vacuoles. These locations are in accordance with their key role in determining the final cell wall architecture, especially regarding lignin deposition and extensin insolubilization, and the turnover of vacuolar phenolic metabolites, a task that also forms part of the molecular program of disease resistance. Although peroxidase is a constitutive enzyme in grapevines, its levels are strongly modulated during plant cell development and in response to both biotic and abiotic environmental factors. To gain an insight into the metabolic regulation of peroxidase, several authors have studied how grapevine peroxidase and H2O2 levels change in response to a changing environment. Nevertheless, the results obtained are not always easy to interpret. Despite such difficulties, the response of the peroxidase–H2O2 system to both UV-C radiation and Trichoderma viride elicitors is worthy of study. Both UV-C and T. viride elicitors induce specific changes in peroxidase isoenzyme / H2O2 levels, which result in specific changes in grapevine physiology and metabolism. In the case of T. viride-elicited grapevine cells, they show a particular mechanism for H2O2 production, in which NADPH oxidase-like activities are apparently not involved. However, they offer a unique system whereby the metabolic regulation of peroxidase by H2O2, with all its cross-talks and downstream signals, may be elegantly dissected.

Some chemical and structural features of the conidial wall of Trichoderma viride

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Benítez ◽  
T. G. Villa ◽  
I. García Acha
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Spore Wall ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Mycelial Cell

Cell wall of spores of Trichoderma viride contains polymers similar to those of mycelial cell wall, such as β-(1 → 3), β-(1 → 6)glucans and protein, but chitin, always present in the mycelium, cannot be found in spores. Melanin, which in other fungi appears associated with chitin, replaces this polymer in the spore wall of T. viride and is located in the outermost layer. Attempts to characterize the pigment of the spore wall indicate that it is a non-indolic melanin-like polyphenol.

Protoplast release from fungi capable of steroid transformation

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Długoński ◽  
L. Sedlaczek ◽  
A. Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Lytic Enzyme ◽  
Cunninghamella Elegans ◽  
Steroid Hydroxylation ◽  
Steroid Transformation ◽  
No Inhibition ◽  
Protoplast Suspension

Protoplasts were obtained from Hyphoderma roseum (Fries) and Cunninghamella elegans (Lendner), fungi capable of steroid 11-hydroxylation. The lytic enzyme preparation was derived from Trichoderma viride CBS 354-33. Homogeneous protoplast suspension, free of mycelial debris and cell wall fragments, transformed cortexolone and 6α-fluorocortexolone-16,17-acetonide to the same products as the intact mycelium of the microorganisms. Liberation of protoplasts and their stabilizaiton during steroid transformation was the most effective in 0.8 M MgSO4; still, this compound impaired steroid hydroxylation. Consequently, the concentration of the transformation product formed was nearly the same as in sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol, compounds which caused no inhibition but which were less effective stabilizers.

PREPARATION OF SPHEROPLASTS OF AEROBACTER CLOACAE

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Smith ◽  
John I. Payne ◽  
R. W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tris Buffer ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Combined Action

A method for the preparation of spheroplasts from Aerobacter cloacae has been devised. Washed cells are exposed to the combined action of lysozyme and 1.0 M tris buffer at pH 9.0 in 20% sucrose. Such treatment weakens the cell wall structure but most cells retain their rod shape. Subsequent dilution with three volumes of distilled water converts the rods instantaneously into spheres. The time of exposure to lysozyme required for satisfactory production of spheroplasts can be greatly reduced if the cells are preincubated with the tris buffer.

scholarly journals Cell Diameter inBacillus subtilisis Determined by the Opposing Actions of Two Distinct Cell Wall Synthetic Systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Dion ◽  
Mrinal Kapoor ◽  
Yingjie Sun ◽  
Sean Wilson ◽  
Joel Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Cell Width ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Rod System ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Oriented Material

AbstractRod shaped bacteria grow by adding material into their cell wall via the action of two spatially distinct enzymatic systems: The Rod system moves around the cell circumference, while the class A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs) are unorganized. To understand how the combined action of these two systems defines bacterial dimensions, we examined how each system affects the growth and width ofBacillus subtilis, as well as the mechanical anisotropy and orientation of material within their sacculi. We find that rod diameter is not determined by MreB, rather it depends on the balance between the systems: The Rod system reduces diameter, while aPBPs increase it. RodA/PBP2A can both thin or widen cells, depending on its levels relative to MreBCD. Increased Rod system activity correlates with an increased density of directional MreB filaments, and a greater fraction of directionally moving PBP2A molecules. This increased circumferential synthesis increases the amount of oriented material within the sacculi, increasing their mechanical anisotropy and reinforcing rod shape. Together, these experiments explain how the combined action of the two main cell wall synthetic systems build rods of different widths, a model that appears generalizable:Escherichia colicontaining Rod system mutants show the same relationship between the density of directionally moving MreB filaments and cell width.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis in Micrasterias

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
T. C. Lacalli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Polar Lobe ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Combined Action

The final form of the polar lobe and lateral wings of developing semicells of M. rotata results from combined action of three growth processes: tip growth, branching and lobe broadening. Tip giowth unaccompanied by branching or broadening occurs during normal development in M. radiata, but is observed only under abnormal conditions (e.g. raised temperature) in M. rotata. When branching and broadening do occur, they occur together and for this reason may be causally related. Autoradiograms demonstrate that specific patterns of cell wall incorporation can be associated with each of the three processes in M. rotata. Autoradiographic patterns found in the polar lobe differ from those found in wings. The growing polar lobe also responds to laser irradiation differently from the wings; lasings occasionally cause duplication of the polar lobe.

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