scholarly journals Is There an Alternative Pathway for Starch Synthesis?

1992 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 560-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Okita
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa L. Preiser ◽  
Aparajita Banerjee ◽  
Nicholas Fisher ◽  
Thomas D. Sharkey

AbstractFructose 6-phosphate is an intermediate in the Calvin-Benson cycle and can be acted on by phosphoglucoisomerase to make glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) for starch synthesis. A high concentration of G6P is favorable for starch synthesis but can also stimulate G6P dehydrogenase initiating the glucose-6-phosphate shunt an alternative pathway around the Calvin-Benson cycle. A low concentration of glucose 6-phosphate will limit this futile cycle. In order to understand the biochemical regulation of plastidic glucose 6-phosphate supply and consumption, we characterized biochemical parameters of two key enzymes, phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) and G6P dehydrogenase (G6PDH). We have found that the plastidic PGI in has a higher Km for G6P compared to that for fructose 6-phosphate. The Km of G6PDH isoform 1 is increased under reducing conditions. The other two isoforms exhibit less redox regulation; isoform 2 is the most inhibited by NADPH. Our results support the conclusion that PGI restricts stromal G6P synthesis limiting futile cycling via G6PDH. It also acts like a one-way valve, allowing carbon to leave the Calvin-Benson cycle but not reenter. We found flexible redox regulation of G6PDH that could regulate the glucose-6-phosphate shunt.HighlightGlucose 6-phosphate stimulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is less active during the day but retains significant activity that is very sensitive to the concentration of glucose 6-phopshate.


2002 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle Nunan ◽  
David H Small

The proteolytic processing of the amyloid-beta protein precursor plays a key role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage of the amyloid-beta protein precursor may occur via two pathways, both of which involve the action of proteases called secretases. One pathway, involving beta- and gamma-secretase, liberates amyloid-beta protein, a protein associated with the neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease. The alternative pathway, involving alpha-secretase, precludes amyloid-beta protein formation. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made in identifying the secretases and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.


Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).


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