Orientation Order in Solid Ortho-H2

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 173-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Raich ◽  
Hubert M. James
Keyword(s):  
Orientation Order

scholarly journals Off the Grid... and Back Again? The Recent Evolution of American Street Network Planning and Design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Boeing
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Street Networks ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Established Relationship ◽  
Intersection Density

This morphological study identifies and measures recent nationwide trends in American street network design. Historically, orthogonal street grids provided the interconnectivity and density that researchers identify as important factors for reducing vehicular travel and emissions and increasing road safety and physical activity. During the 20th century, griddedness declined in planning practice alongside declines in urban form compactness, density, and connectivity as urbanization sprawled around automobile dependence. But less is known about comprehensive empirical trends across US neighborhoods, especially in recent years. This study uses public and open data to examine tract-level street networks across the entire US. It develops theoretical and measurement frameworks for a quality of street networks defined here as griddedness. It measures how griddedness, orientation order, straightness, 4-way intersections, and intersection density declined from 1940 through the 1990s while dead-ends and block lengths increased. However, since 2000, these trends have rebounded, shifting back toward historical design patterns. Yet, despite this rebound, when controlling for topography and built environment factors all decades post-1939 are associated with lower griddedness than pre-1940. Higher griddedness is associated with less car ownership—which itself has a well-established relationship with vehicle kilometers traveled and greenhouse gas emissions—while controlling for density, home and household size, income, jobs proximity, street network grain, and local topography. Interconnected grid-like street networks offer practitioners an important tool for curbing car dependence and emissions. Once established, street patterns determine urban spatial structure for centuries, so proactive planning is essential.

Ordered Assembling of Size and Shape Selected Nanocrystals

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 728-729
Author(s):  
Z.L. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Functional Specificity ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Superlattice Structures ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Nanoparticles and the physical and chemical functional specificity and selectivity they possess, suggest them as ideal building blocks for two- and three-dimensional cluster self-assembled superlattice structures, in which the particles behave as well-defined molecular matter and they are arranged with long-range translation and even orientation order [1]. Self-assembled arrays involve self-organization into monolayers, thin films, and superlattices of size-selected nanoclusters encapsulated in protective compact organic coating. The macroscopic properties of the nanocrystal superlattice (NCS) are determined not only by the properties of each individual particle but by the coupling/interaction between nanocrystals interconnected and isolated by a monolayer of thin organic molecules.Periodic packing of nanocrystals is different from the 3-D packing of atoms. First, to an excellent approximation atoms are spherical, while nanoparticles can be faceted polyhedra, thus, the 3-D packing of particles can be critically affected by their shapes and sizes.

scholarly journals Regularity of semigroups of transformations with restricted range preserving an alternating orientation order

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1913-1926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somphong JITMAN ◽  
Rattana SRITHUS ◽  
Chalermpong WORAWANNOTAI
Keyword(s):  
Restricted Range ◽  
Orientation Order

scholarly journals Spin-label Order Parameter Calibrations for Slow Motion

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Order Parameter ◽  
Hyperfine Coupling ◽  
Rotational Diffusion ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Molecular Axis ◽  
Spin Labels ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Isotropic Hyperfine Coupling

Abstract Calibrations are given to extract orientation order parameters from pseudo-powder electron paramagnetic resonance line shapes of 14N-nitroxide spin labels undergoing slow rotational diffusion. The nitroxide z-axis is assumed parallel to the long molecular axis. Stochastic-Liouville simulations of slow-motion 9.4-GHz spectra for molecular ordering with a Maier–Saupe orientation potential reveal a linear dependence of the splittings, $$2A_{\hbox{max} }$$ 2 A max and $$2A_{\hbox{min} }$$ 2 A min , of the outer and inner peaks on order parameter $$S_{zz}$$ S z z that depends on the diffusion coefficient $$D_{{{\text{R}} \bot }}$$ D R ⊥ which characterizes fluctuations of the long molecular axis. This results in empirical expressions for order parameter and isotropic hyperfine coupling: $$S_{zz} = s_{1} \times \left( {A_{\hbox{max} } - A_{\hbox{min} } } \right) - s_{o}$$ S z z = s 1 × A max - A min - s o and $$a_{o}^{{}} = \tfrac{1}{3}\left( {f_{\hbox{max} } A_{\hbox{max} } + f_{\hbox{min} } A_{\hbox{min} } } \right) + \delta a_{o}$$ a o = 1 3 f max A max + f min A min + δ a o , respectively. Values of the calibration constants $$s_{1}$$ s 1 , $$s_{\text{o}}$$ s o , $$f_{\hbox{max} }$$ f max , $$f_{\hbox{min} }$$ f min and $$\delta a_{o}$$ δ a o are given for different values of $$D_{{{\text{R}} \bot }}$$ D R ⊥ in fast and slow motional regimes. The calibrations are relatively insensitive to anisotropy of rotational diffusion $$(D_{{{\text{R}}//}} \ge D_{{{\text{R}} \bot }} )$$ ( D R / / ≥ D R ⊥ ) , and corrections are less significant for the isotropic hyperfine coupling than for the order parameter.

The Novel Stable Nitroxide Radicals as Perspective Spin Probes for Study of Orientation Order of Liquid Crystals and Polymers

2011 ◽  
Vol 540 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Chumakova ◽  
Daria A. Pomogailo ◽  
Tatiana S. Yankova ◽  
Andrey Kh. Vorobiev
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spin Probes ◽  
Nitroxide Radicals ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Stable Nitroxide

Crystal Orientation, Order Degree, and Surface Roughness of FePd-Alloy Film Formed on MgO(001) Substrate

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Ohtake ◽  
Akira Itabashi ◽  
Masaaki Futamoto ◽  
Fumiyoshi Kirino ◽  
Nobuyuki Inaba
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Order Degree

scholarly journals Locus architecture affects mRNA expression levels in Drosophila embryos

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Lydiard-Martin ◽  
Meghan Bragdon ◽  
Kelly B Eckenrode ◽  
Zeba Wunderlich ◽  
Angela H DePace
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Regulatory Sequence ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Orientation Order ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Sequence Elements ◽  
Predict Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression Levels ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Structural variation in the genome is common due to insertions, deletions, duplications and rearrangements. However, little is known about the ways structural variants impact gene expression. Developmental genes are controlled by multiple regulatory sequence elements scattered over thousands of bases; developmental loci are therefore a good model to test the functional impact of structural variation on gene expression. Here, we measured the effect of rearranging two developmental enhancers from theeven-skipped(eve) locus inDrosophila melanogasterblastoderm embryos. We systematically varied orientation, order, and spacing of the enhancers in transgenic reporter constructs and measured expression quantitatively at single cell resolution in whole embryos to detect changes in both level and position of expression. We found that the position of expression was robust to changes in locus organization, but levels of expression were highly sensitive to the spacing between enhancers and order relative to the promoter. Our data demonstrate that changes in locus architecture can dramatically impact levels of gene expression. To quantitatively predict gene expression from sequence, we must therefore consider how information is integrated both within enhancers and across gene loci.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document