Investigation of pollen release by poricidal anthers using mathematical billiards

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Hansen ◽  
Gabriel C. Lanes ◽  
Vinícius L. G. Brito ◽  
Edson D. Leonel
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Release ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

scholarly journals Pollen dispensing schedules in buzz-pollinated plants: Experimental comparison of species with contrasting floral morphologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurene E. Kemp ◽  
Mario Vallejo-Marín
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Vibration Velocity ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
List Type ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Morphological Modification ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Empirical Demonstration ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

AbstractIn buzz-pollinated plants, bees apply vibrations to remove pollen from anthers that have small apical pores or slits. These poricidal anthers potentially function as mechanism to stagger pollen release, but this has rarely been tested across plant species differing in anther morphology.In Solanum section Androceras, three pairs of buzz-pollinated Solanum species have undergone independent evolutionary shifts between large- and small-flowered taxa. These shifts in flower size are accompanied by replicate changes in anther morphology, and we used these shifts in anther morphology to characterise the association between anther morphology and pollen dispensing schedules. We characterised pollen dispensing schedules by applying simulated bee-like vibrations directly to anthers to elicit pollen release. We then compared pollen dispensing schedules across anther morphologies, and we further investigated how vibration velocity affects pollen release. Finally, we assessed whether particular anther traits, presented in the Buchmann-Hurley model, can predict pollen dispensing schedules.We show that replicate transitions in Solanum anther morphology are associated with consistent changes in pollen dispensing schedules. We found that small-flowered taxa with small anthers release their pollen at higher rates than their large-flowered counterparts, showing an association between general anther morphology and pollen dispensing. Further, higher vibration velocities resulted in quicker pollen dispensing and more total pollen released, which suggested that bees that produce high-energy vibrations can access more reward than bees producing low-energy vibrations. Finally, both the pollen dispensing rate and the amount of pollen released in the first vibration were negatively related to anther wall area, but, surprisingly, we did not observe any association between pore size and pollen dispensing.Our results provide the first empirical demonstration that the pollen dispensing properties of poricidal anthers depend on both floral characteristics and bee vibration properties, and suggest that morphological modification of anthers could provide a mechanism to exploit different pollination environments.

scholarly journals Connective appendages in Huberia bradeana (Melastomataceae) affect pollen release during buzz pollination

Plant Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bochorny ◽  
L. F. Bacci ◽  
A. S. Dellinger ◽  
F. A. Michelangeli ◽  
R. Goldenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Pollen Release

Inflorescence development and seed production in Lolium spp. × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrids

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cremades ◽  
E. W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Tetraploid Hybrid ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Reproductive Characters

SUMMARYThe reproductive development and seed production characters of a Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid and a Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid were compared with those of their tetraploid parental cultivars. Experiments were carried out under glasshouse and natural conditions; single plants were studied as only small quantities of seed were available from the breeder. The lowtemperature/short-day requirements for inflorescence induction of the two hybrids were in between those of the corresponding parental species. The variance of the date at which vegetative primordia changed to the reproductive condition was greater in the hybrids than in the parental cultivars, but the variance of the dates of inflorescence emergence were similar for the hybrids and parental cultivars. Inflorescences ranged from the Lolium type with only sessile spikelets to the Festuca type with primary branches. Inner glumes, which are absent in the Lolium parents but present in Festuca pratensis, were found in the hybrids, though not in all spikelets. In the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid pollen release, potential pollen viability and floret fertility were low, but the Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis hybrid produced large amounts of pollen with a higher potential viability and had floret fertilities similar to those of its two parental cultivars. There was sufficient variation in reproductive characters for further selection, particularly in the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid.

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

scholarly journals Buzz‐pollination in Neotropical bees: genus‐dependent frequencies and lack of optimal frequency for pollen release

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrado Augusto Rosi‐Denadai ◽  
Priscila Cássia Souza Araújo ◽  
Lucio Antônio de Oliveira Campos ◽  
Lirio Cosme ◽  
Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Optimal Frequency ◽  
Pollen Release

scholarly journals Timing of pollen release and stigma receptivity period of Piper vicosanum : New insights into sexual reproduction of the genus

2015 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Valentin-Silva ◽  
Victor Peçanha de Miranda Coelho ◽  
Marília Contin Ventrella ◽  
Milene Faria Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Pollen Release

High-speed pollen release in the white mulberry tree, Morus alba L

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Taylor ◽  
Gwyneth Card ◽  
James House ◽  
Michael H. Dickinson ◽  
Richard C. Flagan
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
White Mulberry ◽  
Mulberry Tree

Pollen release in the Proteaceae

2020 ◽  
Vol 306 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Ladd ◽  
Barbara J. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Release

scholarly journals Effects of Jasmonate on Ethylene Function during the Development of Tomato Stamens

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Schubert ◽  
Stephan Grunewald ◽  
Lea von Sivers ◽  
Bettina Hause
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stamen Development ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutant ◽  
Ethylene Function ◽  
Pollen Vitality

The phenotype of the tomato mutant jasmonate-insensitive1-1 (jai1-1) mutated in the JA-Ile co-receptor COI1 demonstrates JA function in flower development, since it is female-sterile. In addition, jai1-1 exhibits a premature anther dehydration and pollen release, being in contrast to a delayed anther dehiscence in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant coi1-1. The double mutant jai1-1 Never ripe (jai1-1 Nr), which is in addition insensitive to ethylene (ET), showed a rescue of the jai1-1 phenotype regarding pollen release. This suggests that JA inhibits a premature rise in ET to prevent premature stamen desiccation. To elucidate the interplay of JA and ET in more detail, stamen development in jai1-1 Nr was compared to wild type, jai1-1 and Nr regarding water content, pollen vitality, hormone levels, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids and transcripts encoding known JA- and ET-regulated genes. For the latter, RT-qPCR based on nanofluidic arrays was employed. The data showed that additional prominent phenotypic features of jai1-1, such as diminished water content and pollen vitality, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids were at least partially rescued by the ET-insensitivity. Hormone levels and accumulation of transcripts were not affected. The data revealed that strictly JA-regulated processes cannot be rescued by ET-insensitivity, thereby emphasizing a rather minor role of ET in JA-regulated stamen development.

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