Measurements of the charge ratio and polarization of 1.2-TeV/ccosmic-ray muons with the Kamiokande II detector

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yamada ◽  
K. Miyano ◽  
H. Miyata ◽  
H. Takei ◽  
M. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge Ratio

scholarly journals Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for Ice Giant Atmospheres Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Simcic ◽  
D. Nikolić ◽  
A. Belousov ◽  
D. Atkinson ◽  
C. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Quadrupole Ion Trap ◽  
Atomic Mass ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Inlet System ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Entry Probe ◽  
Composition Measurements

AbstractTo date, a variety of different types of mass spectrometers have been utilized on missions to study the composition of atmospheres of solar system bodies, including Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Titan, the moon, and several comets. With the increasing interest in future small probe missions, mass spectrometers need to become even more versatile, lightweight, compact, and sensitive.For in situ exploration of ice giant atmospheres, the highest priority composition measurements are helium and the other noble gases, noble gas isotopes, including 3He/4He, and other key isotopes like D/H. Other important but lower priority composition measurements include abundances of volatiles C, N, S, and P; isotopes 13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/17O/16O; and disequilibrium species PH3, CO, AsH3, GeH4, and SiH4. Required measurement accuracies are largely defined by the accuracies achieved by the Galileo (Jupiter) probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer and Helium Abundance Detectors, and current measurement accuracies of solar abundances.An inherent challenge of planetary entry probe mass spectrometers is the introduction of material to be sampled (gas, solid, or liquid) into the instrument interior, which operates at a vacuum level. Atmospheric entry probe mass spectrometers typically require a specially designed sample inlet system, which ideally provides highly choked, nearly constant mass-flow intake over a large range of ambient pressures. An ice giant descent probe would have to operate for 1-2 hours over a range of atmospheric pressures, possibly covering 2 or more orders of magnitude, from the tropopause near 100 mbar to at least 10 bars, in an atmospheric layer of depth beneath the tropopause of about 120 km at Neptune and about 150 km at Uranus.The Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (QITMS) is being developed to achieve all of these requirements. A compact, wireless instrument with a mass of only 7.5 kg, and a volume of 7 liters (7U), the JPL QITMS is currently the smallest flight mass spectrometer available for possible use on planetary descent probes as well as small bodies, including comet landers and surface sample return missions. The QITMS is capable of making measurements of all required constituents in the mass range of 1–600 atomic mass units (u) at a typical speed of 50 mass spectra per second, with a sensitivity of up to $10^{13}$ 10 13  counts/mbar/sec and mass resolution of $m/\Delta m=18000$ m / Δ m = 18000 at m/q = 40. (Throughout this paper we use the unit of m/q = u/e for the mass-to-charge ratio, where atomic mass unit and elementary charge are $1~\text{u} = 1.66\times 10^{-27}~\text{kg}$ 1 u = 1.66 × 10 − 27 kg and $1\text{e} = 1.6\times 10^{-19}$ 1 e = 1.6 × 10 − 19 C, respectively.) The QITMS features a novel MEMS-based inlet system driven by a piezoelectric actuator that continuously regulates gas flow at inlet pressures of up to 100 bar.In this paper, we present an overview of the QITMS capabilities, including instrument design and characteristics of the inlet system, as well as the most recent results from laboratory measurements in different modes of operation, especially suitable for ice giant atmospheres exploration.

scholarly journals Imaging Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis to Differentiate Melanocytic Nevi and Malignant Melanoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3197
Author(s):  
Rita Casadonte ◽  
Mark Kriegsmann ◽  
Katharina Kriegsmann ◽  
Isabella Hauk ◽  
Rolf R. Meliß ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Melanocytic Nevi

The discrimination of malignant melanoma from benign nevi may be difficult in some cases. For this reason, immunohistological and molecular techniques are included in the differential diagnostic toolbox for these lesions. These methods are time consuming when applied subsequently and, in some cases, no definitive diagnosis can be made. We studied both lesions by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) in a large cohort (n = 203) to determine a different proteomic profile between cutaneous melanomas and melanocytic nevi. Sample preparation and instrument setting were tested to obtain optimal results in term of data quality and reproducibility. A proteomic signature was found by linear discriminant analysis to discern malignant melanoma from benign nevus (n = 113) with an overall accuracy of >98%. The prediction model was tested in an independent set (n = 90) reaching an overall accuracy of 93% in classifying melanoma from nevi. Statistical analysis of the IMS data revealed mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) peaks which varied significantly (Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.7) between the two tissue types. To our knowledge, this is the largest IMS study of cutaneous melanoma and nevi performed up to now. Our findings clearly show that discrimination of melanocytic nevi from melanoma is possible by IMS.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixing Ratio of Oppositely Charged Block Copolymers on Polyion Complex Micelles for In Vivo Application

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Noriko Nakamura ◽  
Yuki Mochida ◽  
Kazuko Toh ◽  
Shigeto Fukushima ◽  
Horacio Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Polyion Complex ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Biological Performance ◽  
Complex Micelles ◽  
Oppositely Charged

Self-assembled supramolecular structures based on polyion complex (PIC) formation between oppositely charged polymers are attracting much attention for developing drug delivery systems able to endure harsh in vivo environments. As controlling polymer complexation provides an opportunity for engineering the assemblies, an improved understanding of the PIC formation will allow constructing assemblies with enhanced structural and functional capabilities. Here, we focused on the influence of the mixing charge ratio between block aniomers and catiomers on the physicochemical characteristics and in vivo biological performance of the resulting PIC micelles (PIC/m). Our results showed that by changing the mixing charge ratio, the structural state of the core was altered despite the sizes of PIC/m remaining almost the same. These structural variations greatly affected the stability of the PIC/m in the bloodstream after intravenous injection and determined their biodistribution.

Thermal Modeling of Unlooped and Looped Pulsating Heat Pipes

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1159-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad B. Shafii ◽  
Amir Faghri ◽  
Yuwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Heat Pipes ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Heating Wall ◽  
Heat Mode ◽  
Explicit Finite Difference

Analytical models for both unlooped and looped Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHPs) with multiple liquid slugs and vapor plugs are presented in this study. The governing equations are solved using an explicit finite difference scheme to predict the behavior of vapor plugs and liquid slugs. The results show that the effect of gravity on the performance of top heat mode unlooped PHP is insignificant. The effects of diameter, charge ratio, and heating wall temperature on the performance of looped and unlooped PHPs are also investigated. The results also show that heat transfer in both looped and unlooped PHPs is due mainly to the exchange of sensible heat.

Is Risk of Secondary Surgery for Oronasal Fistula Following Primary Cleft Palate Repair Associated With Hospital Case Volume and Cost-to-Charge Ratio?

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-611
Author(s):  
Giap H. Vu ◽  
Christopher L. Kalmar ◽  
Carrie E. Zimmerman ◽  
Laura S. Humphries ◽  
Jordan W. Swanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Fistula Repair ◽  
Case Volume ◽  
Secondary Surgery ◽  
Hospital Case ◽  
Oronasal Fistula ◽  
Cleft Palate Repair ◽  
Palate Repair

Objective: This study assesses the association between risk of secondary surgery for oronasal fistula following primary cleft palate repair and 2 hospital characteristics—cost-to-charge ratio (RCC) and case volume of cleft palate repair. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: This study utilized the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database, which consists of clinical and resource-utilization data from >49 hospitals in the United States. Patients and Participants: Patients undergoing primary cleft palate repair from 2004 to 2009 were abstracted from the PHIS database and followed up for oronasal fistula repair between 2004 and 2015. Main Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome measure was whether patients underwent oronasal fistula repair after primary cleft palate repair. Results: Among 5745 patients from 45 institutions whom met inclusion criteria, 166 (3%) underwent oronasal fistula repair within 6 to 11 years of primary cleft palate repair. Primary palatoplasty at high-RCC facilities was associated with a higher rate of subsequent oronasal fistula repair (odds ratio [OR] = 1.84 [1.32-2.56], adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.81 [1.28-2.59]; P ≤ .001). Likelihood of surgery for oronasal fistula was independent of hospital case volume (OR = 0.83 [0.61-1.13], P = .233; AOR = 0.86 [0.62-1.20], P = .386). Patients with complete unilateral or bilateral cleft palate were more likely to receive oronasal fistula closure compared to those with unilateral-incomplete cleft palate (AOR = 2.09 [1.27-3.56], P = .005; AOR = 3.14 [1.80-5.58], P < .001). Conclusions: Subsequent need for oronasal fistula repair, while independent of hospital case volume for cleft palate repair, increased with increasing hospital RCC. Our study also corroborates complete cleft palate and cleft lip as risk factors for oronasal fistula.

Instantaneous Mass/Charge Ratio F(dm/dQ) of the Voltammetric Generation and Characterization of Poly-(Neutral Red) Conducting Films

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (16) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Francisco Vicente ◽  
Jeronimo Agrisuelas ◽  
Claude Gabrielli ◽  
Joan Gregori ◽  
Jose Juan Garcia-Jareño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Charge Ratio

Decreasing Medicare Utilization, Reimbursement, and Reimbursement-to-Charge Ratio of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Ho Gong ◽  
Ge Bai ◽  
Dominique Vervoort ◽  
Adam E.M. Eltorai ◽  
Aviram M. Giladi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Reconstructive Plastic Surgery ◽  
Reconstructive Plastic

Effects of chain length and hydrophobicity/charge ratio of AMP on its antimicrobial activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuhong Yu ◽  
Zhengxi Zhang ◽  
Jianbo Sun ◽  
Yuqiong Xia ◽  
Quan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Charge Ratio

Three-Dimensional Instability of Opposite Polarity Nonthermal Dusty Plasma

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
E.K. El-Shewy ◽  
S.K. Zaghbeer ◽  
A.A. El-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cyclotron Frequency ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dusty Plasmas ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Nonlinear Phenomena ◽  
Wave Instability ◽  
Direction Cosines ◽  
Dimensional Instability

AbstractNonlinearity properties of obliquely wave propagation and instability in collisionless magnetized nonthermal dusty plasmas containing fluid of negative-positive grains are investigated. Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation is obtained and the three-dimensional wave instability is studied. The parameters such as polarity charge ratio, cyclotron frequency and fast nonthermal effectiveness of the instability properties and growth rate are theoretically studied. It is found that both positive and negative soliton profiles are formed depending on the fraction ratio of electron-ion nonthermality. Also, the growth rate was dependent nonlinearly on the direction cosines, the cyclotron frequency and the positive (negative) grain charge ratio, but independent of the fractional ratio of electron-ion nonthermality. Present discussion may be very significant regarding the observations of nonlinear phenomena in space.

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