Role of energy-level shifts on Auger neutralization processes: A calculation beyond the image potential

1998 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 7385-7390 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. More ◽  
J. Merino ◽  
R. Monreal ◽  
P. Pou ◽  
F. Flores
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Level Shifts

Core Level Shifts and Grain Boundary Cohesion

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
D. A. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Valence Band ◽  
Core Level ◽  
Level Shift ◽  
The Core ◽  
Metallic Interfaces ◽  
Level Shifts ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Valence Band Width

The role of core level shifts at metallic interfaces has often been ignored in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) even though very small changes in bond length can lead to large core level shifts. However, the popular interpretation of core level shifts as measures of charge transfer is highly problematic. For instance, in binary alloys systems, the core level shifts can be the same sign for both atomic constituents[l]. The simple interpretation would require that both atomic species had lost or gained charge. Further, the signs of the core level shifts can be opposite to those expected from electronegativity arguments[2]. A core level shift (CLS) is still possible, even when no charge transfer occurs. As illustrated in Fig. 1, if the valence band width is increased, the position of the center of the valence band with respect to the Fermi energy will change (as the number of electrons remains unchanged).

scholarly journals On the violation of local thermodynamic equilibrium in the plasma jet of an argon arc two-jet plasmatron

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (1II)) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
A. S. Cherevko ◽  
A. A. Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Saha Equation ◽  
Radiation Processes ◽  
Unconventional Method

The degree and nature of the violation of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the analytical zone of a plasma jet generated by an argon arc two-jet plasmatron (TJP) was estimated using an unconventional method based on determination of the nonequilibrium parameterbiequal to the ratio of the experimentally determined actual population of the energy level (ni) of the element to the population of the same level calculated from the Saha equation (nis). Partial ionizing deviation of plasma under study from the equilibrium state takes place only when low-lying atomic levels are overpopulated. The distinct dependence ofbion the ionization potential of the considered element (e.g., Ca, Mg, and Be) is shown. The results were interpreted in the light of the increasing role of radiation processes upon excitation of spectra in the argon arc two-jet plasmatron.

scholarly journals Air-Exposure Induced Dopant Redistribution and Energy Level Shifts in Spin-Coated Spiro-MeOTAD Films

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafer Hawash ◽  
Luis K. Ono ◽  
Sonia R. Raga ◽  
Michael V. Lee ◽  
Yabing Qi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Level Shifts ◽  
Dopant Redistribution

Energy Level Alignment at the Metal/Alq3 Interfaces Investigated with Photoemission Methods

2000 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
C.W. Tang ◽  
M. G. Mason ◽  
Yongli Gao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Work Function ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Electron Injection ◽  
Core Level ◽  
Material Research ◽  
Level Shifts ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Injection Materials

ABSTRACTTris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) based organic light emission diodes (OLED) have been a focus of material research in recent years. One of the key issues in searching for a better device performance and fabricating conditions is suitable electron-injection materials. We have investigated the energy alignment and the interface formation between different metals and Alq3 using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS). The interface is formed by depositing the target cathode material, such as Ca, Al or Al/LiF, onto an Alq3 film in a stepwise fashion in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. While the UPS results show the work function and vacuum level changes during interfaces formation, implying a possible surface dipole layer, XPS results show a more detailed and complex behavior. When a low work function metal such as Ca is deposited onto an Alq3 surface, a gap state is observed in UPS. At the same time, a new peak can be observed in the N 1s core level at a lower binding energy. These results can be characterized as charge transfer from the low work function metal to Alq3. The shifting of core levels are also observed, which may be explained by doping from metal atoms or charge diffusion. These interfaces are drastically different than the Al/Alq3 interface, which has very poor electron injection. At the Al/Alq3 interface there is a destructive chemical reaction and much smaller core level shifts are observed. Based on detailed analysis, energy level diagrams at the interface are proposed.

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