The Black Body at the Melting Point of Platinum as a Fixed Point in Photometry

1916 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert E. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Black Body

A melting-point-of gallium apparatus for thermometer calibration.

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
H E Sostman ◽  
K A Manley
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Equilibrium Melting Point ◽  
Thermistor Temperature ◽  
Thermometer Calibration ◽  
Melting Point Of Gallium ◽  
Temperature Plateau

Abstract We have investigated the equilibrium melting point of gallium as a temperature fixed-point at which to calibrate small thermistor thermometers, such as those used to measure temperature in enzyme reaction analysis and other temperature-dependent biological assays. We have determined that the melting temperature of "6N" (99.999% pure) gallium is 29.770 +/- 0.002 degrees C, and that the constant-temperature plateau can be prolonged for several hours. We have designed a simple automated apparatus that exploits this phenomenon and that permits routine calibration verification of thermistor temperature probes throughout the laboratory day. We describe the physics of the gallium melt, and the design and use of the apparatus.

scholarly journals The melting point of palladium

1929 ◽  
Vol 125 (798) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Planck Equation ◽  
Black Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Independent Basis ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale ◽  
Melting Point Of Palladium

The melting point of palladium is a convenient reference point for the measurement of high temperatures. In fixing a scale of temperature the aim is, of course, to approximate as closely as possible to the thermodynamic scale. From the absolute zero up to moderately high temperatures this ideal scale is realised most directly and accurately through the medium of the gas thermometer. However, with increase of temperature beyond a certain limit, the experimental difficulties of gas thermometry multiply rapidly, so that ultimately it becomes necessary to adopt another basis for obtaining the scale. This is conveniently found in the laws governing the radiation from a black body, which have a sound theoretical foundation and permit the use of measuring instruments of precision. The establishment of a practical scale of temperature on the lines above indicated has been the subject of considerable discussion between the national standardising laboratories of Germany, Great Britain and the United States of America. As a result, proposals for the definition of an "International Temperature Scale" were submitted to the 7th General Conference of Weights and Measures, and approved by them. In effect, the basis of the scale up to the melting point of gold is the gas thermometer, and beyond this temperature the Wien or Planck law of radiation with an agreed value for the constant c 2 . Owing to the difficulty of absolute measurements of radiation, no attempt has so far been made to place the radiation scale on an independent basis by fixing the other constant in the Wien or Planck equation. Consequently the scale is defined, for the present, relatively to a fixed point on the thermodynamic scale, as given by the gas thermometer, namely the melting point of gold (1063°C.).

New Approach in Filling of Fixed-Point Cells: Case Study of the Melting Point of Gallium

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bojkovski ◽  
M. Hiti ◽  
V. Batagelj ◽  
J. Drnovšek
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Melting Point Of Gallium

Voids in Irradiated Tungsten and Molybdenum

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
Robert C. Rau ◽  
Robert L. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Fast Neutron ◽  
Neutron Irradiation ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Irradiation Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Body Centered Cubic ◽  
Cubic Metals ◽  
Face Centered

Recent studies have shown the presence of voids in several face-centered cubic metals after neutron irradiation at elevated temperatures. These voids were found when the irradiation temperature was above 0.3 Tm where Tm is the absolute melting point, and were ascribed to the agglomeration of lattice vacancies resulting from fast neutron generated displacement cascades. The present paper reports the existence of similar voids in the body-centered cubic metals tungsten and molybdenum.

The observation of nano-voids in Au thin films

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 366-367
Author(s):  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Chain Defects ◽  
Vacancy Chains ◽  
Au Thin Films

It has long been known that defects such as stacking faults and voids can be quenched from various alloyed metals heated to near their melting point. Today it is common practice to irradiate samples with various ionic species of rare gases which also form voids containing solidified phases of the same atomic species, e.g. ref. 3. Equivalently, electron irradiation has been used to produce damage events, e.g. ref. 4. Generally all of the above mentioned studies have relied on diffraction contrast to observe the defects produced down to a dimension of perhaps 10 to 20Å. Also all these studies have used ions or electrons which exceeded the damage threshold for knockon events. In the case of higher resolution studies the present author has identified vacancy and interstitial type chain defects in ion irradiated Si and was able to identify both di-interstitial and di-vacancy chains running through the foil.

Mental equilibrium: Identifying fixed-point attractors in the stream of thought

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin R. Vallacher ◽  
Andrzej Nowak ◽  
Matthew Rockloff
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point
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