Cosmic-Ray Air Showers at Sea Level

1961 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clark ◽  
J. Earl ◽  
W. L. Kraushaar ◽  
J. Linsley ◽  
B. B. Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Air Showers

The Structure of Cosmic Ray Air Showers

1949 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
CBO Mohr
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Single Chamber ◽  
Transition Effect ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rate Frequency

The structure of cosmic ray air showers at sea-level has been studied by an investigation of the burst rate frequency and the transition effect in lead, for cosmic ray bursts occurring simultaneously in two high-pressure ionization chambers with varying separation. Although extensive showers were responsible for all the coincidences observed with the larger chamber separations, they accounted for less than 3 per cent, of the bursts observed with a single chamber. Of the remaining 97 per cent., somewhat more than one-half appear to be due to nuclear disintegrations and the rest either to narrow showers of approximate radius 30 cm. or to the core of an extensive shower of low density. The extensive shower frequency was about 10 times that predicted by theory. The bearing of these results on present views of the origin and development of air showers is discussed.

scholarly journals Zenith Angle Dependence of Cosmic Ray Shower Development from Observations of the Time Structure of Atmospheric Cerenkov Pulses

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Clay ◽  
GJ Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Time Structure ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Attenuation Length ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Angle Dependence ◽  
Shower Development

The attenuation of extensive air showers has been studied using atmospheric Cerenkov techniques. Observations over a range of zenith angles are correlated and an attenuation length of 234 � 38 g cm ? 2 obtained for showers with sea-level sizes of ~ 106 ?

Some problems in the interpretation of underground cosmic-ray data

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S318-S323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Barton ◽  
C. T. Stockel
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Ionization Loss ◽  
Muon Spectrum ◽  
Muon Pairs ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Made In

Further data from observations made in a coal-mine are reported. The 20% discrepancy between the intensity at moderate depths underground and that deduced from the sea-level muon spectrum, already indicated by other work, has been confirmed. The possibilities of modifying the spectrum or the ionization-loss expression are discussed.Observations of the angular distribution strengthen the view that the exponent is rather higher than expected. This appears to imply that the K/π ratio must be quite high for muons of a few hundred GeV.The various reports of pairs and groups of muons at different depths underground are reviewed. Regarded as a cosmic-ray component muon pairs are less strongly attenuated underground than any other phenomenon (except neutrinos). The experimental results are discussed in terms of Greisen's semiempirical expression for the intensity of muons in extensive air showers.

scholarly journals Penetrating cosmic-ray showers

1942 ◽  
Vol 179 (978) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Air Showers

Observations giving evidence for the existence of showers penetrating at least 50 cm. of lead are reported. These penetrating showers are shown to be parts of extensive air showers. A detailed discussion shows that the penetrating showers are neither energetic cascades nor knock-on showers; they are, however, probably connected with the production of mesons. The connexion of the penetrating showers observed at sea-level with the production of mesons in the atmosphere is discussed with the following alternative assumptions: (1) that the mesons are produced by photons, (2) that the mesons are mainly produced by protons and possibly neutrons.

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