scholarly journals Calcium Signaling in Mitral Cell Dendrites of Olfactory Bulbs of Neonatal Rats and Mice During Olfactory Nerve Stimulation and  -Adrenoceptor Activation

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signaling ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Mitral Cell ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Rats And Mice

Histological Properties of Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs in the Common Hippopotamus

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kondoh ◽  
Kenichi Watanabe ◽  
Kaori Nishihara ◽  
Yurie S. Ono ◽  
Kentaro G. Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cell ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Mitral Cell ◽  
Vomeronasal System ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tufted Cells

The olfactory system of mammals comprises a main olfactory system that detects hundreds of odorants and a vomeronasal system that detects specific chemicals such as pheromones. The main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs are the respective primary centers of the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems. Most mammals including artiodactyls possess a large MOB and a comparatively small AOB, whereas most cetaceans lack olfactory bulbs. The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is semiaquatic and belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, family Hippopotamidae, which seems to be the closest extant family to cetaceans. The present study evaluates the significance of the olfactory system in the hippopotamus by histologically analyzing the MOB and AOB of a male common hippopotamus. The MOB comprised six layers (olfactory nerve, glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, internal plexiform, and granule cell), and the AOB comprised vomeronasal nerve, glomerular, plexiform, and granule cell layers. The MOB contained mitral cells and tufted cells, and the AOB possessed mitral/tufted cells. These histological features of the MOB and the AOB were similar to those in most artiodactyls. All glomeruli in the AOB were positive for anti-Gαi2, but weakly positive for anti-Gαo, suggesting that the hippopotamus vomeronasal system expresses vomeronasal type 1 receptors with a high affinity for volatile compounds. These findings suggest that the olfactory system of the hippopotamus is as well developed as that of other artiodactyl species and that the hippopotamus might depend on its olfactory system for terrestrial social communication.

Disorders of the Cranial Nerves and Brainstem

2021 ◽  
pp. 851-861
Author(s):  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Mitral Cell ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Primary Olfactory Cortex

This chapter briefly repeats key anatomic characteristics and then reviews clinical disorders affecting each cranial nerve in addition to the brainstem. More specifically, this chapter covers cranial nerves I, V, VII, and IX through XII plus the brainstem. The olfactory nerve is a special visceral afferent nerve that functions in the sense of smell. The axons of the olfactory receptor cells within the nasal cavity extend through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb. These olfactory receptor cell axons synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Mitral cell axons project to the primary olfactory cortex and amygdala. The olfactory cortex interconnects with various autonomic and visceral centers.

Acute Toxicity in Neonatal Rats and Young Adult Dogs, Rats and Mice Intravenously Administered L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylate

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. White ◽  
D.W. Rice ◽  
D.M. Wilson ◽  
D.I. Goldberg ◽  
W.B. Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice

Polysorbate Toxicity in Neonatal Rats and Mice

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Farkas ◽  
V. Lorch ◽  
W. R. Conover ◽  
H. M. H. Al-Ansari ◽  
L. K. Abney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice

Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in Mitral Cell Primary Dendrite

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 2755-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei R. Chen ◽  
Gongyu Y. Shen ◽  
Gordon M. Shepherd ◽  
Michael L. Hines ◽  
Jens Midtgaard
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Primary Dendrite ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Mitral Cell ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Initiation And Propagation ◽  
Action Potential Initiation ◽  
Dendritic Spike ◽  
Spike Initiation

The mitral cell primary dendrite plays an important role in transmitting distal olfactory nerve input from olfactory glomerulus to the soma-axon initial segment. To understand how dendritic active properties are involved in this transmission, we have combined dual soma and dendritic patch recordings with computational modeling to analyze action-potential initiation and propagation in the primary dendrite. In response to depolarizing current injection or distal olfactory nerve input, fast Na+ action potentials were recorded along the entire length of the primary dendritic trunk. With weak-to-moderate olfactory nerve input, an action potential was initiated near the soma and then back-propagated into the primary dendrite. As olfactory nerve input increased, the initiation site suddenly shifted to the distal primary dendrite. Multi-compartmental modeling indicated that this abrupt shift of the spike-initiation site reflected an independent thresholding mechanism in the distal dendrite. When strong olfactory nerve excitation was paired with strong inhibition to the mitral cell basal secondary dendrites, a small fast prepotential was recorded at the soma, which indicated that an action potential was initiated in the distal primary dendrite but failed to propagate to the soma. As the inhibition became weaker, a “double-spike” was often observed at the dendritic recording site, corresponding to a single action potential at the soma. Simulation demonstrated that, in the course of forward propagation of the first dendritic spike, the action potential suddenly jumps from the middle of the dendrite to the axonal spike-initiation site, leaving the proximal part of primary dendrite unexcited by this initial dendritic spike. As Na+conductances in the proximal dendrite are not activated, they become available to support the back-propagation of the evoked somatic action potential to produce the second dendritic spike. In summary, the balance of spatially distributed excitatory and inhibitory inputs can dynamically switch the mitral cell firing among four different modes: axo-somatic initiation with back-propagation, dendritic initiation either with no forward propagation, forward propagation alone, or forward propagation followed by back-propagation.

Monoaminergic Establishment of Rostrocaudal Gradients of Rhythmicity in the Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 1554-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly J. Christie ◽  
Patrick J. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Neonatal Mouse ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Mouse Spinal Cord ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Calcium Green

Bath application of monoamines is a potent method for evoking locomotor activity in neonatal rats and mice. Monoamines also promote functional recovery in adult animals with spinal cord injuries by activating spinal cord networks. However, the mechanisms of their actions on spinal networks are largely unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that monoamines establish rostrocaudal gradients of rhythmicity in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. Isolated neonatal mouse spinal cord preparations (P0–P2) were used. To assay excitability of networks by monoamines, we evoked a disinhibited rhythm by bath application of picrotoxin and strychnine and recorded neurograms from several thoracolumbar ventral roots. We first established that rostral and caudal segments of the thoracolumbar spinal cord had equal excitability by completely transecting preparations at the L3 segmental level and recording the frequency of the disinhibited rhythm from both segments. Next we established that a majority of ventral interneurons retrogradely labeled by calcium green dextran were active during network activity. We then bath applied combinations of monoaminergic agonists [5-HT and dopamine (DA)] known to elicit locomotor activity. Our results show that monoamines establish rostrocaudal gradients of rhythmicity in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. This may be one mechanism by which combinations of monoaminergic compounds normally stably activate locomotor networks.

Increased vulnerability of neonatal rats and mice to 1-nitronaphthalene-induced pulmonary injury

2004 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle V. Fanucchi ◽  
Kimberly C. Day ◽  
Candice C. Clay ◽  
Charles G. Plopper
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice
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