scholarly journals The Complete Sequence of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Mitochondrial Genome and Evolutionary Patterns in Vertebrate Mitochondrial DNA

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1958-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Broughton ◽  
Jami E. Milam ◽  
Bruce A. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence and organization of the Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines, Carettochelyidae) and its phylogeny position in Testudines

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xiong ◽  
Xiao-san Li ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Ke Zhou ◽  
Liu-wang Nie
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Its Phylogeny ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Complete Mtdna

AbstractThe Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines; Cryptodira; Carettochelyidae) is the sole living representative of the Carettochelyidae. The phylogenetic position of C. insculpta within Testudines has not yet been determined unequivocally. To address this issue, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of C. insculpta using the long-and-accurate PCR (LA-PCR) method. The results show that the length of C. insculpta mtDNA is 16 439 bp and its structure is conserved compared to those of other turtles and other vertebrates except the NADH4 gene beginning with an ATC start codon. The 3′-side of the control region in mtDNA has two tandem repeat motifs, each consisting of nine 5′-CA-3′ units and sixteen 5′-AT-3′ units. To assess the phylogenetic position of C. insculpta, Maximum parsimony (MP), Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) analyses were conducted based on complete mtDNA from 22 taxa. MP analyses robustly supported that the earliest phylogenetic tree splits separated into three basal branches: the Pelomedusidae (Pelomedusa subrufa), the Carettochelyidae (C. insculpta) and an assemblage of 18 cryptodiran turtle species; while ML and BI analyses suggested that Carettochelyidae and Trionychidae formed a clade, and that this clade was the sister taxon to all other cryptodiran turtles.

Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA in the Sea UrchinArbacia lixula:Conserved Features of the Echinoid Mitochondrial Genome

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla De Giorgi ◽  
Antonia Martiradonna ◽  
Cecilia Lanave ◽  
Cecilia Saccone
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Complete Sequence

Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis and comparison with Paramecium aurelia mitochondrial DNA

2000 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertraud Burger ◽  
Yun Zhu ◽  
Tim G Littlejohn ◽  
Spencer J Greenwood ◽  
Murray N Schnare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Complete Sequence

Complete sequence of bovine mitochondrial DNA conserved features of the mammalian mitochondrial genome

1982 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Anderson ◽  
M.H.L. de Bruijn ◽  
A.R. Coulson ◽  
I.C. Eperon ◽  
F. Sanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Complete Sequence

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Methylation and Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4594
Author(s):  
Andrea Stoccoro ◽  
Fabio Coppedè
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Loop Region ◽  
D Loop

Epigenetic modifications of the nuclear genome, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA post-transcriptional regulation, are increasingly being involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Recent evidence suggests that also epigenetic modifications of the mitochondrial genome could contribute to the etiology of human diseases. In particular, altered methylation and hydroxymethylation levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been found in animal models and in human tissues from patients affected by cancer, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, environmental factors, as well as nuclear DNA genetic variants, have been found to impair mtDNA methylation patterns. Some authors failed to find DNA methylation marks in the mitochondrial genome, suggesting that it is unlikely that this epigenetic modification plays any role in the control of the mitochondrial function. On the other hand, several other studies successfully identified the presence of mtDNA methylation, particularly in the mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop) region, relating it to changes in both mtDNA gene transcription and mitochondrial replication. Overall, investigations performed until now suggest that methylation and hydroxymethylation marks are present in the mtDNA genome, albeit at lower levels compared to those detectable in nuclear DNA, potentially contributing to the mitochondria impairment underlying several human diseases.

scholarly journals Reduced Variation in Drosophila simulans Mitochondrial DNA

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1519-1528
Author(s):  
J William O Ballad ◽  
Joy Hatzidakis ◽  
Timothy L Karr ◽  
Martin Kreitman
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Nucleotide Variability ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Mutation

We investigated the evolutionary dynamics of infection of a Drosophila simulans population by a maternally inherited insect bacterial parasite, Wolbachia, by analyzing nucleotide variability in three regions of the mitochondrial genome in four infected and 35 uninfected lines. Mitochondrial variability is significantly reduced compared to a noncoding region of a nuclear-encoded gene in both uninfected and pooled samples of flies, indicating a sweep of genetic variation. The selective sweep of mitochondrial DNA may have been generated by the fixation of an advantageous mitochondrial gene mutation in the mitochondrial genome. Alternatively, the dramatic reduction in mitochondrial diversity may be related to Wolbachia.

scholarly journals Elevated Evolutionary Rates among Functionally Diverged Reproductive Genes across Deep Vertebrate Lineages

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Grassa ◽  
Rob J. Kulathinal
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Genes

Among closely related taxa, proteins involved in reproduction generally evolve more rapidly than other proteins. Here, we apply a functional and comparative genomics approach to compare functional divergence across a deep phylogenetic array of egg-laying and live-bearing vertebrate taxa. We aligned and annotated a set of 4,986 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 orthologs in Anolis carolinensis (green lizard), Danio rerio (zebrafish), Xenopus tropicalis (frog), Gallus gallus (chicken), and Mus musculus (mouse) according to function using ESTs from available reproductive (including testis and ovary) and non-reproductive tissues as well as Gene Ontology. For each species lineage, genes were further classified as tissue-specific (found in a single tissue) or tissue-expressed (found in multiple tissues). Within independent vertebrate lineages, we generally find that gonadal-specific genes evolve at a faster rate than gonadal-expressed genes and significantly faster than non-reproductive genes. Among the gonadal set, testis genes are generally more diverged than ovary genes. Surprisingly, an opposite but nonsignificant pattern is found among the subset of orthologs that remained functionally conserved across all five lineages. These contrasting evolutionary patterns found between functionally diverged and functionally conserved reproductive orthologs provide evidence for pervasive and potentially cryptic lineage-specific selective processes on ancestral reproductive systems in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Toxicity in Forebrain Neurons Causes Apoptosis, Neurodegeneration, and Impaired Behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1357-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut H. Lauritzen ◽  
Olve Moldestad ◽  
Lars Eide ◽  
Harald Carlsen ◽  
Gaute Nesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Forebrain Neurons ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying changes in neurodegenerative diseases is often associated with apoptosis and a progressive loss of neurons, and damage to the mitochondrial genome is proposed to be involved in such pathologies. In the present study we designed a mouse model that allows us to specifically induce mitochondrial DNA toxicity in the forebrain neurons of adult mice. This is achieved by CaMKIIα-regulated inducible expression of a mutated version of the mitochondrial UNG DNA repair enzyme (mutUNG1). This enzyme is capable of removing thymine from the mitochondrial genome. We demonstrate that a continual generation of apyrimidinic sites causes apoptosis and neuronal death. These defects are associated with behavioral alterations characterized by increased locomotor activity, impaired cognitive abilities, and lack of anxietylike responses. In summary, whereas mitochondrial base substitution and deletions previously have been shown to correlate with premature and natural aging, respectively, we show that a high level of apyrimidinic sites lead to mitochondrial DNA cytotoxicity, which causes apoptosis, followed by neurodegeneration.

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