scholarly journals A mutant of the phototoxic protein KillerRed that does not form DsRed-like chromophore

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Gorbachev ◽  
Karen S. Sarkisyan
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Green Part ◽  
Mutant Variant

AbstractWe report a mutant of the phototoxic fluorescent protein KillerRed protein with fluorescence in the green part of the spectrum. The mutant variant carries mutations I64L, D114G, and T115S and does not form a DsRed-like chromophore. The protein can be used as a template to create new genetically encodable photosensitizers that are spectrally different from KillerRed.

scholarly journals A mutant of the phototoxic protein KillerRed that does not form DsRed-like chromophore

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
D.A. Gorbachev ◽  
K.S. Sarkisyan
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Green Part ◽  
Mutant Variant ◽  
Protein Variants ◽  
New Protein

Genetically encodable photosensitizers based on fluorescent proteins produce reactive oxygen species when illuminated with light. Although widely used as optogenetic tools, existing photosensitizers with green fluorescence possess suboptimal properties motivating for a search of new protein variants with efficient chromophore maturation and high phototoxicity. Here we report a mutant of the phototoxic fluorescent protein KillerRed protein with fluorescence in the green part of the spectrum. The mutant variant carries mutations I64L, D114G, and T115S and does not form a DsRed-like chromophore. The protein can be used as a template to create new genetically encodable photosensitizers that are spectrally different from KillerRed.

Fluorescent proteins for in vivo imaging, where's the biliverdin?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2657-2667
Author(s):  
Felipe Montecinos-Franjola ◽  
John Y. Lin ◽  
Erik A. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Color Palette

Noninvasive fluorescent imaging requires far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for deeper imaging. Near-infrared light penetrates biological tissue with blood vessels due to low absorbance, scattering, and reflection of light and has a greater signal-to-noise due to less autofluorescence. Far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins absorb light >600 nm to expand the color palette for imaging multiple biosensors and noninvasive in vivo imaging. The ideal fluorescent proteins are bright, photobleach minimally, express well in the desired cells, do not oligomerize, and generate or incorporate exogenous fluorophores efficiently. Coral-derived red fluorescent proteins require oxygen for fluorophore formation and release two hydrogen peroxide molecules. New fluorescent proteins based on phytochrome and phycobiliproteins use biliverdin IXα as fluorophores, do not require oxygen for maturation to image anaerobic organisms and tumor core, and do not generate hydrogen peroxide. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein (smURFP) was evolved from a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein to covalently attach biliverdin as an exogenous fluorophore. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein is biophysically as bright as the enhanced green fluorescent protein, is exceptionally photostable, used for biosensor development, and visible in living mice. Novel applications of smURFP include in vitro protein diagnostics with attomolar (10−18 M) sensitivity, encapsulation in viral particles, and fluorescent protein nanoparticles. However, the availability of biliverdin limits the fluorescence of biliverdin-attaching fluorescent proteins; hence, extra biliverdin is needed to enhance brightness. New methods for improved biliverdin bioavailability are necessary to develop improved bright far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for noninvasive imaging in vivo.

A Unified Model for Photophysical and Electro-Optical Properties of Green Fluorescent Proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Yun Lin ◽  
Matthew Romei ◽  
Luke Oltrogge ◽  
Irimpan Mathews ◽  
Steven Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Charge Transfer Band ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Polymethine Dyes ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Protein Environment

Green fluorescent protein (GFPs) have become indispensable imaging and optogenetic tools. Their absorption and emission properties can be optimized for specific applications. Currently, no unified framework exists to comprehensively describe these photophysical properties, namely the absorption maxima, emission maxima, Stokes shifts, vibronic progressions, extinction coefficients, Stark tuning rates, and spontaneous emission rates, especially one that includes the effects of the protein environment. In this work, we study the correlations among these properties from systematically tuned GFP environmental mutants and chromophore variants. Correlation plots reveal monotonic trends, suggesting all these properties are governed by one underlying factor dependent on the chromophore's environment. By treating the anionic GFP chromophore as a mixed-valence compound existing as a superposition of two resonance forms, we argue that this underlying factor is defined as the difference in energy between the two forms, or the driving force, which is tuned by the environment. We then introduce a Marcus-Hush model with the bond length alternation vibrational mode, treating the GFP absorption band as an intervalence charge transfer band. This model explains all the observed strong correlations among photophysical properties; related subtopics are extensively discussed in Supporting Information. Finally, we demonstrate the model's predictive power by utilizing the additivity of the driving force. The model described here elucidates the role of the protein environment in modulating photophysical properties of the chromophore, providing insights and limitations for designing new GFPs with desired phenotypes. We argue this model should also be generally applicable to both biological and non-biological polymethine dyes.<br>

Site-Specific Protein Covalent Attachment to Nanotubes and Its Electronic Impact on Single Molecule Function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Beachey ◽  
Harley Worthy ◽  
William David Jamieson ◽  
Suzanne Thomas ◽  
Benjamin Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Phenyl Azide ◽  
Electronic Impact ◽  
Protein Attachment

<p>Functional integration of proteins with carbon-based nanomaterials such as nanotubes holds great promise in emerging electronic and optoelectronic applications. Control over protein attachment poses a major challenge for consistent and useful device fabrication, especially when utilizing single/few molecule properties. Here, we exploit genetically encoded phenyl azide photochemistry to define the direct covalent attachment of three different proteins, including the fluorescent protein GFP, to carbon nanotube side walls. Single molecule fluorescence revealed that on attachment to SWCNTs GFP’s fluorescence changed in terms of intensity and improved resistance to photobleaching; essentially GFP is fluorescent for much longer on attachment. The site of attachment proved important in terms of electronic impact on GFP function, with the attachment site furthest from the functional center having the larger effect on fluorescence. Our approach provides a versatile and general method for generating intimate protein-CNT hybrid bioconjugates. It can be potentially applied easily to any protein of choice; attachment position and thus interface characteristics with the CNT can easily be changed by simply placing the phenyl azide chemistry at different residues by gene mutagenesis. Thus, our approach will allow consistent construction and modulate functional coupling through changing the protein attachment position.</p>

Structural Evidence of Photoisomerization Pathways in Fluorescent Proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Chang ◽  
Matthew Romei ◽  
Steven Boxer
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Unit Cell Size ◽  
Chlorine Substituent ◽  
Gfp Chromophore ◽  
The One ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

<p>Double-bond photoisomerization in molecules such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore can occur either via a volume-demanding one-bond-flip pathway or via a volume-conserving hula-twist pathway. Understanding the factors that determine the pathway of photoisomerization would inform the rational design of photoswitchable GFPs as improved tools for super-resolution microscopy. In this communication, we reveal the photoisomerization pathway of a photoswitchable GFP, rsEGFP2, by solving crystal structures of <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> rsEGFP2 containing a monochlorinated chromophore. The position of the chlorine substituent in the <i>trans</i> state breaks the symmetry of the phenolate ring of the chromophore and allows us to distinguish the two pathways. Surprisingly, we find that the pathway depends on the arrangement of protein monomers within the crystal lattice: in a looser packing, the one-bond-flip occurs, whereas in a tighter packing (7% smaller unit cell size), the hula-twist occurs.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> <p> </p>

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