scholarly journals Differences in berry primary and secondary metabolisms identified by transcriptomic and metabolic profiling of two table grape color somatic variants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Santibáñez ◽  
Carlos Meyer ◽  
Litsy Martínez ◽  
Tomás Moyano ◽  
John Lunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Sucrose Biosynthesis

ABSTRACTAnthocyanins are flavonoids responsible for the color of berries in skin-pigmented grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Due to the widely adopted vegetative propagation of this species, somatic mutations occurring in meristematic cell layers can be fixed and passed into the rest of the plant when cloned. In this study we focused on the transcriptomic and metabolic differences between two color somatic variants. Using microscopic, metabolic and mRNA profiling analyses we compared the table grape cultivar (cv.) ‘Red Globe’ (RG, with purplish berry skin) and cv. ‘Chimenti Globe’ (CG, with a contrasting reddish berry skin color). As expected, significant differences were found in the composition of flavonoids and other phenylpropanoids, but also in their upstream precursors’ shikimate and phenylalanine. Among primary metabolites, sugar phosphates related with sucrose biosynthesis were less accumulated in cv. ‘CG’. The red-skinned cv. ‘CG’ only contained di-hydroxylated anthocyanins (i.e. peonidin and cyanidin) while the tri-hydroxylated derivatives malvidin, delphinidin and petunidin were absent, in correlation to the reddish cv. ‘CG’ skin coloration. Transcriptomic analysis showed alteration in flavonoid metabolism and terpenoid pathways and in primary metabolism such as sugar content. Eleven flavonoid 3’5’-hydroxylase gene copies were down-regulated in cv. ‘CG’. This family of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases are key in the biosynthesis of tri-hydroxylated anthocyanins. Many transcription factors appeared down-regulated in cv. ‘CG’ in correlation to the metabolic and transcriptomic changes observed. The use of molecular markers and its confirmation with our RNA-seq data showed the exclusive presence of the null MYBA2 white allele (i.e. homozygous in both L1 and L2 layers) in the two somatic variants. Therefore, the differences in MYBA1 expression seem sufficient for the skin pigmentation differences and the changes in MYBA target gene expression in cv. ‘Chimenti Globe’.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of berry color locus on the portuguese cv. ‘Fernão Pires’ and cv. ‘Verdelho’ and their red-berried somatic variant cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
Vanessa Ferreira ◽  
Isaura Castro ◽  
David Carrasco ◽  
Olinda Pinto-Carnide ◽  
Rosa Arroyo-García
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Somatic Variant ◽  
Functional Allele ◽  
Cell Layers

Genotyping studies are increasing the knowledge on grapevine biodiversity, particularly regarding grape berry skin color somatic variants, supporting the research on the color trait. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the berry color locus, and its surrounding genomic region, on the color variation of the Portuguese white-skinned cultivars ‘Fernão Pires’ and ‘Verdelho’ and its derived red-berried somatic variants cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’, respectively. The analysis of Gret1 insertion within the VvMYBA1 gene revealed no polymorphism responsible for white-to-red shift of the red-skinned cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’. Moreover, VvMYBA2 showed an important role regarding the phenotypic variation of cv. ‘Fernão Pires’, through the recovery of the functional allele G on cv. ‘Fernão Pires Rosado’. Regarding the data obtained for cv. ‘Verdelho’ and cv. ‘Verdelho Roxo’, both cultivars showed Gret1 insertion on VvMYBA1 and non-functional T allele on VvMYBA2 in homozygosity for both cell layers of shoot apical meristem, suggesting the occurrence of other mutational events responsible for the color gain.

Post-veraison regulated deficit irrigation in ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grape saves water and improves berry skin color

2016 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Pinillos ◽  
Fernando M. Chiamolera ◽  
Juan F. Ortiz ◽  
Juan J. Hueso ◽  
Julián Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation

scholarly journals Harpin Proteins Improve Bioactive Compounds Content in Crimson Seedless Table Grape

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pasquale Crupi ◽  
Giambattista Debiase ◽  
Gianvito Masi ◽  
Francesca Mangione ◽  
Luigi Tarricone
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Red Color ◽  
And Control

Background: Frequently, in warm climates such as Mediterranean areas, a red-pink table grape ‘Crimson Seedless’ does not reach a good berry skin color; and an acceptable anthocyanin bioactive compounds content, responsible for the red color of berries. Harpin proteins are biotechnologically developed bio-activators that, if applied on plants during the growing period, trigger the expression of hundreds of genes among which those associated with the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds (such as anthocyanins). Aim: This research aimed at using harpin proteins to test their suitability in improving the grape skin color. Methods and Materials: Beta-harpin protein 1% p.a. (400 g/Ha) was applied to ‘Crimson Seedless’ vines three times at the beginning of veraison. Six samplings were carried out for both the treated and control grapes until commercial harvest. In the skin extracts, total and individual anthocyanins content was determined by UV-Vis and RP-HPLC-DAD analyses, respectively. Results: The collected results confirmed that the application of harpin proteins effectively stimulated the anthocyanin biosynthesis leading to make peonidin-3O-glucoside, cyanidin-3O-glucoside, and malvidin-3O-glucoside values from 2 to almost 10 folds higher in treated grapes than in control grapes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Actually, harpin proteins improved the color of the berry skin, leading to a significantly higher concentration of anthocyanins in treated than in control grapes.

scholarly journals Quality Changes in Grape Berry as Affected by the Use of Different Colored Shade Nets Proposed to Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sabir ◽  
Ferhan Sabir ◽  
Akram Ibrahim Mohammed Jawshle
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Table Grape Cultivar

In Turkey, viticulture practices have displayed significant development with the production of high quality fresh grapes, juice, molasses and raisin. Grape berries contain high amount of phenolic compounds collected enormous interest due to their essential function in the improvement of produces attained from grapes, but also for their potential useful health effects as functional food. The purpose of present investigation was to reveal the effects of different colored shade nets on berry skin color and functional properties of grape juice. Four years old vines of ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ table grape were cultivated soilless in about 70 L black plastic pots containing sterile peat and perlite mixture under controlled glasshouse condition. The grapevines were covered with different colored shading nets (yellow, blue, white, red, green and black) at the beginning of the summer period. At commercial maturity, investigations show that berry skin color and the analyzed biochemical features of ‘Alphonse Lavallée’ table grape cultivar displayed great variations in response to the different colored shade net. Such differential effects should be evaluated when the use of shade nets is considered in protected viticulture to cope with environmental constraints. The findings may also be useful for the future experiments under conventional vineyard conditions.

scholarly journals Characterization of Chicken Skin Yellowness and Exploration of Genes Involved in Skin Yellowness Deposition in Chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Wu ◽  
Zetong Lin ◽  
Genghua Chen ◽  
Qingbin Luo ◽  
Qinghua Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Economic Trait ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Skin color is an important economic trait in meat-type chickens. A uniform bright skin color can increase the sales value of chicken. Chickens with bright yellow skin are more popular in China, especially in the broiler market of South China. However, the skin color of chickens can vary because of differences in breeds, diet, health, and individual genetics. To obtain greater insight into the genetic factors associated with the process of skin pigmentation in chickens, we used a colorimeter and high-resolution skin photographs to measure and analyze the skin color of chickens. By analyzing 534 chickens of the same breed, age, and feed condition, we found that the yellowness values of the chickens varied within this population. A significant positive correlation was found between the cloacal skin yellowness values before and after slaughter, and the cloacal skin yellowness value of live chickens was positively correlated with the overall body skin yellowness value. Additionally, chicken skin yellowness exhibited low heritability, ranging from 0.07 to 0.27. Through RNA sequencing, 882 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the skin with the highest and lowest yellowness values. Some of these differentially expressed genes may play an important role in yellow pigment deposition in chicken skin, which included TLR2B, IYD, SMOC1, ALDH1A3, CYP11A1, FHL2, TECRL, ACACB, TYR, PMEL, and GPR143. In addition, we found that the expression and variations of the BCO2 gene, which is referred to as the yellow skin gene, cannot be used to estimate the skin yellowness value of chickens in this population. These data will help to further our understanding of chicken skin yellowness and might contribute to the selection of specific chicken strains with consistent skin coloration.

scholarly journals Prediction of Eye, Hair and Skin Color in Admixed Populations of Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagnik Palmal ◽  
Kaustubh Adhikari ◽  
Javier Mendoza-Revilla ◽  
Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo ◽  
Caio C. Silva de Cerqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe report an evaluation of prediction accuracy for eye, hair and skin pigmentation based on genomic and phenotypic data for over 6,500 admixed Latin Americans (the CANDELA dataset). We examined the impact on prediction accuracy of three main factors: (i) The methods of prediction, including classical statistical methods and machine learning approaches, (ii) The inclusion of non-genetic predictors, continental genetic ancestry and pigmentation SNPs in the prediction models, and (iii) Compared two sets of pigmentation SNPs: the commonly-used HIrisPlex-S set (developed in Europeans) and novel SNP sets we defined here based on genome-wide association results in the CANDELA sample. We find that Random Forest or regression are globally the best performing methods. Although continental genetic ancestry has substantial power for prediction of pigmentation in Latin Americans, the inclusion of pigmentation SNPs increases prediction accuracy considerably, particularly for skin color. For hair and eye color, HIrisPlex-S has a similar performance to the CANDELA-specific prediction SNP sets. However, for skin pigmentation the performance of HIrisPlex-S is markedly lower than the SNP set defined here, including predictions in an independent dataset of Native American data. These results reflect the relatively high variation in hair and eye color among Europeans for whom HIrisPlex-S was developed, whereas their variation in skin pigmentation is comparatively lower. Furthermore, we show that the dataset used in the training of prediction models strongly impacts on the portability of these models across Europeans and Native Americans.

scholarly journals African Skin: Different Types, Needs and Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Olumayowa Abimbola Oninla ◽  
Samuel Olorunyomi Oninla ◽  
Bolaji Ibiesa Otike-Odibi ◽  
Mufutau Muphy Oripelaye ◽  
Fatai Olatunde Olanrewaju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Skin Type ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Right

Microscopic structures in the skin are basically the same in all races. Differences are found in histology and physiology of the skin resulting in different skin types, needs and prevailing skin diseases. Skin pigmentation (with the photo-protective properties), and the barrier function of the stratum corneum are the main differences between African and Caucasian skin. The geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) has a positive correlation with geographical location. The darker-skinned populations are closer to the equator where there are high amounts of UVR especially in the tropical regions of the world. African skin has the greatest variability in skin color. Africa has both white and dark skinned individuals with the darker-skinned populations being mostly around the equator.          Leslie Baumann introduced four parameters that more accurately characterized skin types than previous classification of dry, oily, normal and combination skin. These are dry or oily – D/O; sensitive or resistant – S/R; pigmented or non-pigmented – P/N, and wrinkled or unwrinkled skin – W/T. Combinations of these further produced sixteen skin phenotypes.  Dark skinned individuals often have the PT types while the light skinned mostly have the NW types. Skin needs basically depends on the type. Identifying the skin type is fundamental to providing the right skin care. According to Baumann, the fundamental elements of skin care are mild cleansing, hydrating (moisturization with humectants and emollients), replenishing (with lipids, ceramides and fatty acids) and skin protection (UV protection and increased humidity). Skin diseases are associated with skin type. Eczema is more typical in people with DS combinations while acne is associated with OS skin type (especially OSNT and OSPT). Prevalence of skin diseases varies within African communities from 35% to 87% with skin infections affecting 22-46% and eczemas 13-21% of patients in various studies.

A Psychosocial Study of Albinism in a Predominately Mulatto Caribbean Community

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_part_1) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010
Author(s):  
Wayne Westhoff
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Social Characteristic ◽  
White Skin ◽  
Caribbean Community ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Psychosocial data collected from 12 albinos in rural and isolated parts of the Dominican Republic suggest a stigma is associated with the absence of skin color. The general population living in the area has a skin pigmentation of dark brown. The purpose of the investigation was to assess whether there were psychosocial problems for albinos with white skin and hair. Prior studies imply albinism is a negative social characteristic associated with prejudice and apartheid in a predominately mulatto community. This researcher recommends that psychologists and health-care providers be familiar with similar sensitive issues among special populations.

scholarly journals Upregulation ofMitfby Phenolic Compounds-RichCymbopogon schoenanthusTreatment Promotes Melanogenesis in B16 Melanoma Cells and Human Epidermal Melanocytes

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra O. Villareal ◽  
Sayuri Kume ◽  
Mohamed Neffati ◽  
Hiroko Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Dopachrome Tautomerase ◽  
Tyrosinase Enzyme

Melanin provides inherent protection against skin cancer by absorbing broad-spectrum radiant energy of UV radiation. Cutaneous malignant melanoma incidence has recently been observed to increase and the frequency is closely associated with the skin color, highlighting the importance of skin pigmentation. Here, we showed how melanin biosynthesis is enhanced by treatment with phenolic compounds-richCymbopogon schoenanthus(CYM) in B16 murine melanoma cells and human epidermal melanocytes (HEM). CYM increased the melanin content of the cells by upregulating the expression of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) at the protein and mRNA levels, comparable to the effect ofα-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), in both B16 cells and HEM. Moreover, global gene expression analysis showed that at least 44 pigmentation-associated genes were modulated, including the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(Mitf)and its transcriptional regulators (Sox10,Pax3, andLef1). Upregulation of copper transport-associated geneAtp7bindicates that CYM also promotes tyrosinase activity. CYM upregulatedMitfand possibly activates tyrosinase enzyme, providing evidence for its possible use to promote melanogenesis and as a therapeutic agent against hypopigmentation disorders.

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