scholarly journals Genomic Characterization of SiGRFs in Foxtail Millet and SiGRF1-overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana Promotes Plant to Avoid Salt Stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaming Liu ◽  
Chengyao Jiang ◽  
Lu Kang ◽  
Chongchang Zhang ◽  
Yu Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Ubiquitin Protein Ligase ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
And Function

AbstractIn plants, 14-3-3 proteins are recognized as mediators of signal transduction and function in both development and stress response. However, their functions have not been reported in the C4 crop foxtail millet. Here, phylogenetic analysis categorized foxtail millet 14-3-3s (SiGRFs) into ten discrete groups (Clusters I to □). Transcriptome and qPCR analyses showed that all the SiGRFs responded to at least one abiotic stress. All but one SiGRF-overexpressing (OE) Arabidopsis thaliana line (SiGRF1) exhibited insensitivity to abiotic stresses during seed germination and seedling growth. Compared with the Col-0 wild-type, SiGRF1-OEs had slightly lower germination rates and smaller leaves. However, flowering time of SiGRF1-OEs occurred earlier than that of Col-0 under high-salt stress. Interaction of SiGRF1 with a foxtail millet E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (SiRNF1/2) indicates that the proteinase system might hydrolyse SiGRF1. Further investigation showed that SiGRF1 localized in the cytoplasm, and its gene was ubiquitously expressed in various tissues throughout various developmental stages. Additionally, flowering-related genes, WRKY71, FLOWERING LOCUS T, LEAFY and FRUITFULL, in SiGRF1-OEs exhibited considerably higher expression levels than those in Col-0 under salinity-stressed conditions. Results suggest that SiGRF1 hastens flowering, thereby providing a means for foxtail millet to complete its life cycle and avoid further salt stress.HighlightSiGRFs in foxtail millet: SiGRF1 hastens flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to salt stress

scholarly journals Plant Histone HTB (H2B) Variants in Regulating Chromatin Structure and Function

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1435
Author(s):  
Janardan Khadka ◽  
Anat Pesok ◽  
Gideon Grafi
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Histone Variants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Core Histone ◽  
Histone H2b ◽  
Histone Proteins ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
And Function

Besides chemical modification of histone proteins, chromatin dynamics can be modulated by histone variants. Most organisms possess multiple genes encoding for core histone proteins, which are highly similar in amino acid sequence. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 11 genes encoding for histone H2B (HTBs), 13 for H2A (HTAs), 15 for H3 (HTRs), and 8 genes encoding for histone H4 (HFOs). The finding that histone variants may be expressed in specific tissues and/or during specific developmental stages, often displaying specific nuclear localization and involvement in specific nuclear processes suggests that histone variants have evolved to carry out specific functions in regulating chromatin structure and function and might be important for better understanding of growth and development and particularly the response to stress. In this review, we will elaborate on a group of core histone proteins in Arabidopsis, namely histone H2B, summarize existing data, and illuminate the potential function of H2B variants in regulating chromatin structure and function in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of TUBBY genes in developmental stages of Zea mays

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sendi Mejia ◽  
Suhani Shah ◽  
Yara Abdelsalam ◽  
Ali Nimra ◽  
Munzir Bhatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Binding Motifs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene Family

Abstract In this paper, we studied the organization and function of TUBBY Transcription Factor gene family in maize. Initially, using comparative approach, we discovered the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs in Zea mays. We found in total 13 genes, 12 of which are orthologs and a unique paralog that exhibits the highest activity in maize. We studied the role of TUBBY gene family across different developmental stages using existing expression data, and discovered the binding motifs present in the promoter region of the genes.

scholarly journals Differential expression and function of Arabidopsis thaliana NHX Na+/H+ antiporters in the salt stress response

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Yokoi ◽  
Francisco J. Quintero ◽  
Beatriz Cubero ◽  
Maria T. Ruiz ◽  
Ray A. Bressan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Analysis of the VIT1 Promoter Activity in Developing Arabidopsis thaliana Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1814-1818
Author(s):  
Seckin Eroglu
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fe Homeostasis ◽  
Fe Storage

Iron (Fe) deficiency in plants is one of the widespread problems limiting agricultural production. Generating crops more tolerant to Fe deficiency by genetic engineering or breeding is of great interest but challenging due to the knowledge gaps in general plant Fe homeostasis. Although several genes involved in Fe homeostasis have been identified, characterization of their roles is mainly limited to specific organs at specific developmental stages of the plant, where their mutants show the most striking phenotype. Vacuolar Iron Transporter 1 (VIT1) is a well-known gene that has been characterized for its function in the mature seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. VIT1 is an Fe transporter that determines the correct distribution of Fe storage in this organ. The study aimed to explore new physiological functions for VIT1. As a first step, Arabidopsis thaliana plants that contain PromoterVIT1: GUS constructs were used to study the temporal and spatial expression of the gene throughout the plant’s lifecycle. GUS histochemical staining revealed the VIT1 promoter is active in the mature leaves and mature reproductive organs. VIT1 promoter activity in the stamen increased developmentally and was limited to tapetum and guard cells in the pollen sac. In the female organ, VIT1 promoter activity increased as the pistil developed into a silique. Although all the silique exhibited staining, staining density was higher in the peduncle, replum, and stigma regions. Inside the developing silique, funicles were heavily stained. Furthermore, in silico analyses of VT1 transcriptome and protein levels confirmed flower and the silique are hot spots for VT1 activity. Thus, the results may suggest a possible involvement of VT1 protein in several stages of the reproductive system, specifically in the flowering and in the fruit development.

scholarly journals Purification of native p94, a muscle-specific calpain, and characterization of its autolysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 335 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayoko KINBARA ◽  
Shoichi ISHIURA ◽  
Shigeo TOMIOKA ◽  
Hiroyuki SORIMACHI ◽  
Seon-Yong JEONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Cleavage Sites ◽  
Muscle Enzyme ◽  
Active Site Cysteine ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
And Function ◽  
Active Site Cysteine Residue

p94, a skeletal muscle-specific calpain, has attracted much attention because its gene is responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. p94, however, has not been characterized at the protein and enzyme levels, owing to its very rapid autolysis. In the present study, a purification procedure for p94 was first established by using a recombinant inactive p94 expressed in COS cells in which the active site cysteine residue was changed to serine [p94(C129S)]. The isolation of native p94 from rabbit skeletal muscle by the established method with conventional procedures was extremely difficult because p94 became highly unstable in a crude extract on the addition of NaCl for separation. Purification of native p94 was possible with an antibody-affinity column but only as an inactive enzyme; p94(C129S) was purified as a homodimer. Characterization of p94, especially autolysis, was performed with partly purified native p94 and p94(C129S). The autolysis of p94, which consisted at least partly of an intermolecular reaction, proceeded in three consecutive steps; 60 and 58 kDa fragments were produced as intermediates before a stable 55 kDa fragment appeared. Autolysis of p94 was regarded as a degradative step rather than for the activation of the enzyme. All the autolysis cleavage sites were located in the p94-specific insertion sequence 1 region, which explains why p94 is unstable compared with the other calpains. The autolysis sites in p94 clearly showed a different specificity relative to the autolytic and proteolytic cleavage sites of the ubiquitous µ- and m-calpains, in its preference for residues at the P3 to P1´ sites, indicating a distinct substrate specificity and function for the muscle enzyme.

scholarly journals The embryonic transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falko Hofmann ◽  
Michael A. Schon ◽  
Michael D. Nodine
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Biological Processes

AbstractCellular differentiation is associated with changes in transcript populations. Accurate quantification of transcriptomes during development can thus provide global insights into differentiation processes including the fundamental specification and differentiation events operating during plant embryogenesis. However, multiple technical challenges have limited the ability to obtain high quality early embryonic transcriptomes, namely the low amount of RNA obtainable and contamination from surrounding endosperm and seed-coat tissues. We compared the performance of three low-input mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) library preparation kits on 0.1 to 5 nanograms (ng) of total RNA isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) embryos and identified a low-cost method with superior performance. This mRNA-seq method was then used to profile the transcriptomes of Arabidopsis embryos across eight developmental stages. By comprehensively comparing embryonic and post-embryonic transcriptomes, we found that embryonic transcriptomes do not resemble any other plant tissue we analyzed. Moreover, transcriptome clustering analyses revealed the presence of four distinct phases of embryogenesis which are enriched in specific biological processes. We also compared zygotic embryo transcriptomes with publicly available somatic embryo transcriptomes. Strikingly, we found little resemblance between zygotic embryos and somatic embryos derived from late-staged zygotic embryos suggesting that the molecular basis of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis are distinct from each other. In addition to the biological insights gained from our systematic characterization of the Arabidopsis embryonic transcriptome, we provide a data-rich resource for the community to explore.Key MessageArabidopsis embryos possess unique transcriptomes relative to other plant tissues including somatic embryos, and can be partitioned into four transcriptional phases with characteristic biological processes.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Fowler ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Lynn S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
And Function ◽  
Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

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