scholarly journals A synthetic approach reveals a highly sensitive maize auxin response circuit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Román Ramos Báez ◽  
Yuli Buckley ◽  
Han Yu ◽  
Zongliang Chen ◽  
Andrea Gallavotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Repressor Proteins ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Signaling Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Signaling Components

Auxin plays a key role across all land plants in growth and developmental processes. Although auxin signaling function has diverged and expanded, differences in the molecular functions of signaling components have largely been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we used the Auxin Response Circuit recapitulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ARCSc) system to functionally annotate maize auxin signaling components, focusing on genes expressed during development of ear and tassel inflorescences. All 16 maize Auxin (Aux)/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) repressor proteins are degraded in response to auxin, with rates that depended on both receptor and repressor identity. When fused to the maize TOPLESS (TPL) homolog RAMOSA1 ENHANCER LOCUS2 (REL2), maize Aux/IAAs were able to repress AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcriptional activity. A complete auxin response circuit comprised of all maize components, including ZmAFB2/3 b1 maize AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) receptor, was found to be fully functional. The ZmAFB2/3 b1 auxin receptor was found to be more sensitive to hormone than AtAFB2 and allowed for rapid circuit activation upon auxin addition. These results validate the conserved role of predicted auxin response genes in maize, as well as provide evidence that a synthetic approach can facilitate broader comparative studies across the wide range of species with sequenced genomes.

scholarly journals Expression and Role of Biosynthetic, Transporter, Receptor, and Responsive Genes for Auxin Signaling during Clubroot Disease Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5554
Author(s):  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin ◽  
Gopal Saha ◽  
Rawnak Laila ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Hoy-Taek Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Root Tissues

Auxins play a pivotal role in clubroot development caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, we investigated the pattern of expression of 23 genes related to auxin biosynthesis, reception, and transport in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) after inoculation with P. brassicae. The predicted proteins identified, based on the 23 selected auxin-related genes, were from protein kinase, receptor kinase, auxin responsive, auxin efflux carrier, transcriptional regulator, and the auxin-repressed protein family. These proteins differed in amino acids residue, molecular weights, isoelectric points, chromosomal location, and subcellular localization. Leaf and root tissues showed dynamic and organ-specific variation in expression of auxin-related genes. The BrGH3.3 gene, involved in auxin signaling, exhibited 84.4-fold increase in expression in root tissues compared to leaf tissues as an average of all samples. This gene accounted for 4.8-, 2.6-, and 5.1-fold higher expression at 3, 14, and 28 days post inoculation (dpi) in the inoculated root tissues compared to mock-treated roots. BrNIT1, an auxin signaling gene, and BrPIN1, an auxin transporter, were remarkably induced during both cortex infection at 14 dpi and gall formation at 28 dpi. BrDCK1, an auxin receptor, was upregulated during cortex infection at 14 dpi. The BrLAX1 gene, associated with root hair development, was induced at 1 dpi in infected roots, indicating its importance in primary infection. More interestingly, a significantly higher expression of BrARP1, an auxin-repressed gene, at both the primary and secondary phases of infection indicated a dynamic response of the host plant towards its resistance against P. brassicae. The results of this study improve our current understanding of the role of auxin-related genes in clubroot disease development.

scholarly journals Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma: The Missing Link

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen ◽  
Nelson ◽  
Ávila ◽  
Cubero
Keyword(s):  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Tract Cancer ◽  
Response Differentiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Extracellular Stimuli ◽  
Signaling Components

In recent years, the incidence of both liver and biliary tract cancer has increased. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are the two most common types of hepatic malignancies. Whereas HCC is the fifth most common malignant tumor in Western countries, the prevalence of CCA has taken an alarming increase from 0.3 to 2.1 cases per 100,000 people. The lack of specific biomarkers makes diagnosis very difficult in the early stages of this fatal cancer. Thus, the prognosis of CCA is dismal and surgery is the only effective treatment, whilst recurrence after resection is common. Even though chemotherapy and radiotherapy may prolong survival in patients with CCA, the 5-year survival rate is still very low—a significant global problem in clinical diagnosis and therapy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in signal transduction by converting extracellular stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses including inflammatory response, stress response, differentiation, survival, and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of the MAPK cascade involves key signaling components and phosphorylation events that play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological role of MAPK, current therapeutic options, and the current situation of MAPK-targeted therapies in CCA.

scholarly journals Phototropin-mediated perception of light direction in leaves regulates blade flattening

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Legris ◽  
Bogna Maria Szarzynska-Erden ◽  
Martine Trevisan ◽  
Laure Allenbach Petrolati ◽  
Christian Fankhauser
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Light Capture ◽  
Signaling Components ◽  
Curled Leaves

Abstract One conserved feature among angiosperms is the development of flat thin leaves. This developmental pattern optimizes light capture and gas exchange. The blue light (BL) receptors phototropins are required for leaf flattening, with the null phot1phot2 mutant showing curled leaves in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, key aspects of their function in leaf development remain unknown. Here, we performed a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of phototropin function in Arabidopsis leaves. We found that phototropins perceive light direction in the blade, and, similar to their role in hypocotyls, they control the spatial pattern of auxin signaling, possibly modulating auxin transport, to ultimately regulate cell expansion. Phototropin signaling components in the leaf partially differ from hypocotyls. Moreover, the light response on the upper and lower sides of the leaf blade suggests a partially distinct requirement of phototropin signaling components on each side. In particular, NON PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 showed an adaxial-specific function. In addition, we show a prominent role of PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 3 in leaf flattening. Among auxin transporters, PIN-FORMED 3,4,7 and AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1)/LIKE AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (LAX1) are required for the response while ABCB19 has a regulatory role. Overall, our results show that directional BL perception by phototropins is a key aspect of leaf development, integrating endogenous and exogenous signals.

scholarly journals The Hoja loca1 Mutant and AUX/IAA Function in Maize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Richardson ◽  
A. Sluis ◽  
S. Hake
Keyword(s):  
Functional Redundancy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Signaling Components

AbstractAuxin plays a vital role in plant organ development, influencing organ initiation and patterning across all axes. The diversity in auxin patterning results from changes in the activities and expression of auxin signaling components, including the AUX/IAA repressors. Higher land plants have multigene AUX/IAA families, which leads to functional redundancy and a lack of phenotype in loss of function mutants. Instead, dominant mutations, which prevent AUX/IAA degradation in response to auxin, have highlighted the importance of these proteins in organ development. Here we report a new dominant AUX/IAA mutant in maize, Hoja loca1 (Oja). Oja has a mutation in the degron motif of ZmIAA28 and affects aerial organ initiation and medio-lateral patterning in the leaf. These phenotypes contrast with other maize AUX/IAA mutants that affect the root or inflorescence only. Oja illustrates the role of auxin signaling in the tight coordination of phytomer unit development and provides evidence of species-specific sub-functionalization of the AUX/IAAs.One Line SummaryThe maize AUX/IAA ZmIAA38 is involved in phytomer coordination, aerial organ initiation and mediolateral patterning, and illustrates species specific sub-functionalization of the AUX/IAAs.

Critical roles for the serine 20, but not the serine 15, phosphorylation site and for the polyproline domain in regulating p53 turnover

2001 ◽  
Vol 359 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas DUMAZ ◽  
Diane M. MILNE ◽  
Lesley J. JARDINE ◽  
David W. MEEK
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Protein ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cellular Stresses ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Precise Role

The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a short-lived transcription factor that becomes stabilized in response to a wide range of cellular stresses. Ubiquitination and the targeting of p53 for degradation by the proteasome are mediated by Mdm2 (mouse double minute clone 2), a negative regulatory partner of p53. Previous studies have suggested that DNA-damage-induced phosphorylation of p53 at key N-terminal sites has a pivotal role in regulating the interaction with Mdm2 but the precise role of phosphorylation of serines 15 and 20 is still unclear. Here we show that replacement of serine 15 and a range of other key N-terminal phosphorylation sites with alanine, which cannot be phosphorylated, has little effect on the ubiquitination and degradation of full-length human p53. In contrast, replacement of serine 20 makes p53 highly sensitive to Mdm2-mediated turnover. These results define distinct roles for serines 15 and 20, two sites previously demonstrated to be dependent on phosphorylation through mechanisms mediated by DNA damage and ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated). We also show that the polyproline region of p53, a domain that has a key role in p53-induced apoptosis, exerts a critical influence over the Mdm2-mediated turnover of p53.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Receptor Family Genes in Brassica juncea var. tumida

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoming Cai ◽  
De-er Zeng ◽  
Jingjing Liao ◽  
Chunhong Cheng ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Sahito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Auxin Receptor ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Gene Structures ◽  
Receptor Family

Transport inhibitor response 1/auxin signaling f-box proteins (TIR1/AFBs) play important roles in the process of plant growth and development as auxin receptors. To date, no information has been available about the characteristics of the TIR1/AFB gene family in Brassica juncea var. tumida. In this study, 18 TIR1/AFB genes were identified and could be clustered into six groups. The genes are located in 11 of 18 chromosomes in the genome of B. juncea var. tumida, and similar gene structures are found for each of those genes. Several cis-elements related to plant response to phytohormones, biotic stresses, and abiotic stresses are found in the promoter of BjuTIR1/AFB genes. The results of qPCR analysis show that most genes have differential patterns of expression among six tissues, with the expression levels of some of the genes repressed by salt stress treatment. Some of the genes are also responsive to pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae treatment. This study provides valuable information for further studies as to the role of BjuTIR1/AFB genes in the regulation of plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Phototropin-mediated perception of light direction in Arabidopsis leaves regulates blade flattening

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Fankhauser ◽  
Martina Legris ◽  
Bogna Maria Szarzynska-Erden ◽  
Martine Trevisan ◽  
Laure Allenbach Petrolati
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Light Capture ◽  
Signaling Components

One conserved feature among angiosperms is the development of flat thin leaves. This developmental pattern optimizes light capture and gas exchange for photosynthesis. The blue light receptors phototropins are required for leaf flattening, with the null phot1phot2 mutant showing downwards curled leaves in Arabidopsis. However, key aspects of their function in leaf development remain unknown. Here, we performed a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of phototropin function in Arabidopsis leaves. We found that phototropins perceive light direction in the leaf blade, and similar to their role in hypocotyls they control the spatial pattern of auxin signaling possibly modulating auxin transport, to ultimately regulate cell expansion. Phototropin signaling components in the leaf partially differ from hypocotyls. Moreover, the light response on the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) sides of the leaf blade suggest a partially distinct requirement of phototropin signaling components on each side. In particular, NON PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) showed an adaxial-specific function. In addition, we show a prominent role of PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 3 (PKS3) in leaf flattening. Among the auxin transporters tested, PINs and AUX/LAX influence the response most prominently. Overall, our results show that directional blue light perception by the phototropins is a key aspect of leaf development, integrating endogenous and exogenous signals.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Introduction: Emotion, History and the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Sullivan ◽  
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Carson Mccullers ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Review Section ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
War Correspondents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Johan Huizinga

This introduction surveys the rise of the history of emotions as a field and the role of the arts in such developments. Reflecting on the foundational role of the arts in the early emotion-oriented histories of Johan Huizinga and Jacob Burkhardt, as well as the concerns about methodological impressionism that have sometimes arisen in response to such studies, the introduction considers how intensive engagements with the arts can open up new insights into past emotions while still being historically and theoretically rigorous. Drawing on a wide range of emotionally charged art works from different times and places—including the novels of Carson McCullers and Harriet Beecher-Stowe, the private poetry of neo-Confucian Chinese civil servants, the photojournalism of twentieth-century war correspondents, and music from Igor Stravinsky to the Beatles—the introduction proposes five ways in which art in all its forms contributes to emotional life and consequently to emotional histories: first, by incubating deep emotional experiences that contribute to formations of identity; second, by acting as a place for the expression of private or deviant emotions; third, by functioning as a barometer of wider cultural and attitudinal change; fourth, by serving as an engine of momentous historical change; and fifth, by working as a tool for emotional connection across communities, both within specific time periods but also across them. The introduction finishes by outlining how the special issue's five articles and review section address each of these categories, while also illustrating new methodological possibilities for the field.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document