scholarly journals Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Herman ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Midbrain Structure ◽  
Caudate Nucleus Head

AbstractRecent work has implicated the basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus “head” (CDh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus, a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. To test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded CDh neuronal activity before and during unilateral SC inactivation in a spatial attention task. SC inactivation significantly altered the attention-related modulation of CDh neurons and strongly impaired the classification of task epochs based on CDh activity. Only inactivation of the same-side of SC as recorded CDh neurons, not the opposite-side, had these effects. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between SC activity and attention-related visual processing in the basal ganglia.

scholarly journals Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P Herman ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Richard J Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Midbrain Structure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caudate Nucleus Head

Recent work has implicated the primate basal ganglia in visual perception and attention, in addition to their traditional role in motor control. The basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus ‘head’ (CDh) of the striatum, receive indirect anatomical connections from the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure that is known to play a crucial role in the control of visual attention. To test the possible functional relationship between these subcortical structures, we recorded CDh neuronal activity of macaque monkeys before and during unilateral SC inactivation in a spatial attention task. SC inactivation significantly altered the attention-related modulation of CDh neurons and strongly impaired the classification of task-epochs based on CDh activity. Only inactivation of SC on the same side of the brain as recorded CDh neurons, not the opposite side, had these effects. These results demonstrate a novel interaction between SC activity and attention-related visual processing in the basal ganglia.

Comparison of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum in Shifting Attention.

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Ravizza ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
Cerebellar Dysfunction ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Neurological Insult

The basal ganglia and cerebellum have traditionally been associated with motor performance. Recently, there has been considerable interest regarding the contributions of these subcortical structures to aspecdts of cognition. In particular, both the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been hypothesized to be involved in the control of attentional set. To dat, no neuropsychological studies have directly compared the effects of basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction on the same attention shifting tasks. To this end, dwe employed and alternating attention task that has been used to demonstrate putative attentional control deficits in children with cerebellar pathology, either related to autism or neurological insult. When adult patients with either Parkinson's disease or cerebellar lesions were tested on this task, a similar pattern of deficits was observed for both groups. However, when the motor demands were reduced, cerebellar patients showed a significant improvement on the alternating attention task, whereas the Parkinson patients continued to exhibit an impairment. This dissociation suggests that attentional deficits reported previously as being due to cerebellar dysfunction may be, at least in part, secondary to problem related to coordinating successive responses. In contrast, attention-shifting deficits associated with basal ganglia impairment cannot be explained by recourse to the motor demands of the task.

Involvement of Subcortical Structures in the Preparation of Self-Paced Movement

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Paradiso ◽  
Danny Cunic ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
Deep Brain

Abstract Although it has long been suggested that the basal ganglia and thalamus are involved in movement planning and preparation, there was little direct evidence in humans to support this hypothesis. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia. In patients undergoing DBS surgery, we recorded simultaneously from scalp contacts and from electrodes surgically implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of 13 patients with Parkinson's disease and in the “cerebellar” thalamus of 5 patients with tremor. The aim of our studies was to assess the role of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop through the STN and the cerebello-thalamocortical circuit through the “cerebellar” thalamus in movement preparation. The patients were asked to perform self-paced wrist extension movements. All subjects showed a cortical readiness potential (RP) with onset ranging between 1.5 to 2s before the onset of movement. Subcortical RPs were recorded in 11 of 13 with electrodes in the STN and in 4 of 5 patients with electrodes in the thalamus. The onset time of the STN and thalamic RPs were not significantly different from the onset time of the scalp RP. The STN and thalamic RPs were present before both contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements. Postoperative MRI studies showed that contacts with maximum RP amplitude generally were inside the target nucleus. These findings indicate that both the basal ganglia and the cerebellar circuits participate in movement preparation in parallel with the cortex.

scholarly journals Double dissociation of single-interval and rhythmic temporal prediction in cerebellar degeneration and Parkinson’s disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12283-12288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Breska ◽  
Richard B. Ivry
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cerebellar Degeneration ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Temporal Prediction ◽  
Single Interval

Predicting the timing of upcoming events is critical for successful interaction in a dynamic world, and is recognized as a key computation for attentional orienting. Temporal predictions can be formed when recent events define a rhythmic structure, as well as in aperiodic streams or even in isolation, when a specified interval is known from previous exposure. However, whether predictions in these two contexts are mediated by a common mechanism, or by distinct, context-dependent mechanisms, is highly controversial. Moreover, although the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been linked to temporal processing, the role of these subcortical structures in temporal orienting of attention is unclear. To address these issues, we tested individuals with cerebellar degeneration or Parkinson’s disease, with the latter serving as a model of basal ganglia dysfunction, on temporal prediction tasks in the subsecond range. The participants performed a visual detection task in which the onset of the target was predictable, based on either a rhythmic stream of stimuli, or a single interval, specified by two events that occurred within an aperiodic stream. Patients with cerebellar degeneration showed no benefit from single-interval cuing but preserved benefit from rhythm cuing, whereas patients with Parkinson’s disease showed no benefit from rhythm cuing but preserved benefit from single-interval cuing. This double dissociation provides causal evidence for functionally nonoverlapping mechanisms of rhythm- and interval-based temporal prediction for attentional orienting, and establishes the separable contributions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia to these functions, suggesting a mechanistic specialization across timing domains.

Structure-function relationships in the primate superior colliculus. I. Morphological classification of efferent neurons

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Moschovakis ◽  
A. B. Karabelas ◽  
S. M. Highstein
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cerebral Peduncle ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Morphological Classification ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Efferent Neurons ◽  
Recurrent Collaterals ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of anesthetized paralyzed squirrel monkeys were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to establish a morphological classification of tectal efferent neurons in this species. These neurons were physiologically identified by their antidromic responses following stimulation of the contralateral predorsal bundle or SC. These cells also responded with postsynaptic potentials to stimulation of the ipsilateral substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle and the contralateral tectum. 2. Quantitative light microscopic analysis of the somatodendritic profiles and axonal trajectories of 27 recovered cells revealed the existence of three major groups of tectal efferent neurons: L (n = 7), X (n = 8), and T (n = 12). 3. L neurons are small or medium size cells with relatively elaborate dendritic trees and are located mainly in the superficial layers of the SC. They participate in the ipsilateral descending and dorsal ascending tectofugal bundles. Intrinsic collaterals of L axons deploy a large number of boutons both near the parent cell body and more ventrally within the deeper tectal layers. 4. X neurons are mostly large in size and multipolar in shape with relatively complex dendritic trees. Their cell bodies are situated mainly in the stratum griseum intermedium and occasionally in the stratum opticum. Axons of X neurons participate in the crossed descending and ipsilateral ventral ascending projections of the SC. In addition, the axonal system of about half of the X neurons includes recurrent collaterals. 5. T neurons are located mainly in the ventral stratum opticum and the dorsal stratum griseum intermedium. They have small or medium-sized, trapezoid or ovoid cell bodies and relatively simple radiating or vertical dendritic trees. Their axons usually participate in two of the major tectofugal bundles besides providing a commissural component and recurrent collaterals. 6. Morphological details revealed in the present study support the notion that distinct tectofugal axonal systems originate from efferent neurons of the primate SC that differ both as to their location in the tectum as well as the appearance of their somata and dendritic trees. The resulting morphological classification of tectal efferent cells provides a framework for the analysis of tectal function in terms of populations of identified neurons.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of subsequent memory-related gaze reinstatement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana S. Wynn ◽  
Zhong-Xu Liu ◽  
Jennifer D. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Occipital Pole

AbstractMounting evidence linking gaze reinstatement- the recapitulation of encoding-related gaze patterns during retrieval- to behavioral measures of memory suggests that eye movements play an important role in mnemonic processing. Yet, the nature of the gaze scanpath, including its informational content and neural correlates, has remained in question. In the present study, we examined eye movement and neural data from a recognition memory task to further elucidate the behavioral and neural bases of functional gaze reinstatement. Consistent with previous work, gaze reinstatement during retrieval of freely-viewed scene images was greater than chance and predictive of recognition memory performance. Gaze reinstatement was also associated with viewing of informationally salient image regions at encoding, suggesting that scanpaths may encode and contain high-level scene content. At the brain level, gaze reinstatement was predicted by encoding-related activity in the occipital pole and basal ganglia, neural regions associated with visual processing and oculomotor control. Finally, cross-voxel brain pattern similarity analysis revealed overlapping subsequent memory and subsequent gaze reinstatement modulation effects in the parahippocampal place area and hippocampus, in addition to the occipital pole and basal ganglia. Together, these findings suggest that encoding-related activity in brain regions associated with scene processing, oculomotor control, and memory supports the formation, and subsequent recapitulation, of functional scanpaths. More broadly, these findings lend support to Scanpath Theory’s assertion that eye movements both encode, and are themselves embedded in, mnemonic representations.

Glutamate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Javitt
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Impaired Metabolism

Glutamate theories of schizophrenia were first proposed over 30 years ago and since that time have become increasingly accepted. Theories are supported by the ability of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine to induce symptoms that closely resemble those of schizophrenia. Moreover, NMDAR antagonists uniquely reproduce the level of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia, suggesting that such models may be particularly appropriate to poor outcome forms of the disorder. As opposed to dopamine, which is most prominent within frontostriatal brain regions, glutamate neurons are present throughout cortex and subcortical structures. Thus, NMDAR theories predict widespread disturbances across cortical and thalamic pathways, including sensory brain regions. In auditory cortex, NMDAR play a critical role in the generation of mismatch negativity (MMN), which may therefore serve as a translational marker of NMDAR dysfunction across species. In the visual system, NMDAR play a critical role in function of the magnocellular visual system. Deficits in both auditory and visual processing contribute to social and communication deficits, which, in turn, lead to poor functional outcome. By contrast, NMDAR dysfunction within the frontohippocampal system may contribute to well described deficits in working memory, executive processing and long-term memory formation. Deficits in NMDAR function may be driven by disturbances in presynaptic glutamate release, impaired metabolism of NMDAR modulators such as glycine or D-serine, or intrinsic abnormalities in NMDAR themselves.

scholarly journals Visual-Based Defect Detection and Classification Approaches for Industrial Applications—A SURVEY

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Czimmermann ◽  
Gastone Ciuti ◽  
Mario Milazzo ◽  
Marcello Chiurazzi ◽  
Stefano Roccella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Defect Detection ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The State ◽  
Shape Error ◽  
Supervised Classifiers ◽  
Processing Techniques

This paper reviews automated visual-based defect detection approaches applicable to various materials, such as metals, ceramics and textiles. In the first part of the paper, we present a general taxonomy of the different defects that fall in two classes: visible (e.g., scratches, shape error, etc.) and palpable (e.g., crack, bump, etc.) defects. Then, we describe artificial visual processing techniques that are aimed at understanding of the captured scenery in a mathematical/logical way. We continue with a survey of textural defect detection based on statistical, structural and other approaches. Finally, we report the state of the art for approaching the detection and classification of defects through supervised and non-supervised classifiers and deep learning.

scholarly journals A dynamical model for the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical oscillatory activity and its implications in Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M. Navarro-López ◽  
Utku Çelikok ◽  
Neslihan S. Şengör
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Neuron Models ◽  
Neuronal Patterns

AbstractWe propose to investigate brain electrophysiological alterations associated with Parkinson’s disease through a novel adaptive dynamical model of the network of the basal ganglia, the cortex and the thalamus. The model uniquely unifies the influence of dopamine in the regulation of the activity of all basal ganglia nuclei, the self-organised neuronal interdependent activity of basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits and the generation of subcortical background oscillations. Variations in the amount of dopamine produced in the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta are key both in the onset of Parkinson’s disease and in the basal ganglia action selection. We model these dopamine-induced relationships, and Parkinsonian states are interpreted as spontaneous emergent behaviours associated with different rhythms of oscillatory activity patterns of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network. These results are significant because: (1) the neural populations are built upon single-neuron models that have been robustly designed to have eletrophysiologically-realistic responses, and (2) our model distinctively links changes in the oscillatory activity in subcortical structures, dopamine levels in the basal ganglia and pathological synchronisation neuronal patterns compatible with Parkinsonian states, this still remains an open problem and is crucial to better understand the progression of the disease.

scholarly journals VGluT1 Deficiency Impairs Visual Attention and Reduces the Dynamic Range of Short-Term Plasticity at Corticothalamic Synapses

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1813-1829
Author(s):  
Sarah H Lindström ◽  
Sofie C Sundberg ◽  
Max Larsson ◽  
Fredrik K Andersson ◽  
Jonas Broman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Release Probability ◽  
Visual Spatial

Abstract The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate, is loaded into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs). The primary isoforms, VGluT1 and 2, are expressed in complementary patterns throughout the brain and correlate with short-term synaptic plasticity. VGluT1 deficiency is observed in certain neurological disorders, and hemizygous (VGluT1+/−) mice display increased anxiety and depression, altered sensorimotor gating, and impairments in learning and memory. The synaptic mechanisms underlying these behavioral deficits are unknown. Here, we show that VGluT1+/− mice had decreased visual processing speeds during a sustained visual-spatial attention task. Furthermore, in vitro recordings of corticothalamic (CT) synapses revealed dramatic reductions in short-term facilitation, increased initial release probability, and earlier synaptic depression in VGluT1+/− mice. Our electron microscopy results show that VGluT1 concentration is reduced at CT synapses of hemizygous mice, but other features (such as vesicle number and active zone size) are unchanged. We conclude that VGluT1-haploinsuficiency decreases the dynamic range of gain modulation provided by CT feedback to the thalamus, and this deficiency contributes to the observed attentional processing deficit. We further hypothesize that VGluT1 concentration regulates release probability by applying a “brake” to an unidentified presynaptic protein that typically acts as a positive regulator of release.

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