scholarly journals Acute exposure to nicotine vapor causes short-term increases in impulsive choice in rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Flores ◽  
F.Z. Alshbool ◽  
P. Giner ◽  
L.E. O’Dell ◽  
I.A. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Impulsive Choice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Stable Performance

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown that exposure to nicotine smoke increases impulsivity. Surprisingly, research investigating the effects of electronic cigarette nicotine vapor exposure on impulsivity has not been conducted. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on impulsive choice.MethodsTwenty-four adult male rats were trained in the delay discounting task to choose between small immediate food rewards or larger food rewards with delayed deliveries. After 24 days of training in the delay discounting task, rats were passively exposed to vapor containing either 0, 12, or 24 mg/mL of nicotine for 10 days. To monitor exposure to nicotine, serum cotinine levels were assessed on exposure days 1, 5, and 10 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following vapor exposure, rats were retrained in the delay discounting task until stable performance was achieved, and the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on choice preference were assessed.ResultsRats that were exposed to 12 and 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor displayed higher serum cotinine levels, relative to those exposed to 0 mg/mL nicotine vapor. There were no differences in impulsive choice between any of the vapor groups when tested 15-21 days after exposure. However, increases in impulsive choice were observed when testing immediately following exposure to 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor, relative to immediately following exposure to 0 mg/mL nicotine vapor.ConclusionsFindings suggest that while exposure to nicotine vapor may not cause long-term changes in decision making, it can cause short-term increases in impulsive choice, an effect that can have negative social and health consequences.

Short-Term and Long-Term Changes of Left Ventricular Volumes During Rate-Adaptive and Single-Rate Pacing

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1863-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEREDITH I. SEDNEY ◽  
ERIC WEIJERS ◽  
ERNST E. WALL ◽  
JEEEREY D. ADIPRANOTO ◽  
JAN CAMPS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Volumes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ventricular Volumes ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Rate Adaptive

scholarly journals On the peculiarities in the spin-down of isolated radio pulsars

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S291) ◽  
pp. 208-208
Author(s):  
Augustine Chukwude
Keyword(s):  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Local Phase ◽  
Astronomy Observatory ◽  
Radio Pulsars ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radio Astronomy Observatory ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Timing Data

AbstractWe investigate the spin-down behaviour of a sample of 25 radio pulsars on decadal timescales (~ 18 years) using a continuous timing data obtained over a period of at Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). Particular attention is placed on achieving a better time resolution of both the short-term and long-term changes in pulsar spin-down using local phase-coherent measurements of the spin-down rates (). We demonstrate that the spin-down of radio pulsars is generally complicated by a superposition of processes that may or may not be related. Specifically, our results show that (i) for 7 pulsars, the observed spin-down variation is largely stochastic, characterized by random and sustained jumps in of varying amplitudes, (ii) for 9 objects, the spin-down evolution shows dominant monotonic variations in superimposed on short-term stochastic jumps in the parameter, and (iii) for the remaining 9 pulsars, the long-term spin-down evolution is non-monotonic, dominated by some systematic excursion in the measured spin-down rates.

scholarly journals Long- and Short-Term Changes of the Structure of Macrophytes in Lake Piaseczno in Relation to Land Use in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland (Poland)

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Joana Sender ◽  
Weronika Maślanko
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Central European ◽  
Macrophyte Communities ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Very High ◽  
Macrophyte Structure

ABSTRACT The Łęczna-Włodawa Plain, known also as the Łęczna-Wlodawa Lakeland, lies within the territory of the largest subregion of the Polesie region, covering over 1,300 km2. The main interest of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland is that it is the oldest in the Central European Lowlands group of about 68 lakes. Among such a large number of lakes there exist all trophic types. However, since the late 1950’s, enormous dynamics of change associated with the disappearance of oligo- and mesotrophic lakes and their transformation into eutrophic, even hypertrophic, lakes have been observed. One of the biocenotic elements of the lakes, which are indicators of these changes, is aquatic plants. The aim of this study was to determine the macrophyte structure of Piaseczno Lake and changes of land use in its surroundings. Piaseczno Lake still represents very high natural values. A reduction in the number of macrophyte communities, which occurred especially in 2008, was a consequence of the fast-growing recreation infrastructure. From 1976 until 2010 an area of recreation infrastructure in the studied area increased more than 3.5 times, and in the built-up area more than five times, as well as a doubling of the total length of the roads. Meanwhile the surface area of wetlands and peatbogs significantly decreased - more than 11 times. Long-term changes in the structure of the macrophyte communities show that the number of communities has varied in each year, probably as a consequence of changes in landuse. Analysis showed changes to the surfaces inhabited by macrophytes, which have decreased significantly over only four years, by more than 25%. However, the proportion of rush communities has increased.

Prolonged retention of the anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin in the hypothalamus and the resulting expression of Fos

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (2) ◽  
pp. R465-R471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Galbraith ◽  
Ilean Hodgdon ◽  
Michele S. Grimm ◽  
Margaret A. Vizzard
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Cobalt Protoporphyrin ◽  
Prolonged Retention ◽  
The Brain

The anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is known to elicit short-term hypophagia and long-term weight loss through unknown mechanisms in the brains of experimental animals. The goal of this work was to determine 1) if the prolonged duration of action of CoPP is related to its prolonged retention within the brain; and 2) with the use of immunohistochemical detection of Fos, the product of the early-immediate gene c-fos, which cells are activated after exposure to CoPP. These studies were carried out in male rats after intracerebroventricular administration of CoPP, 0.4 μmol/kg body wt, given under light halothane anesthesia. Residence of CoPP in the brain was determined by residual counts in dissected brains of 57CoPP-injected rats. Fos immunoreactivity was mapped in coronal sections of rat brains 4–6 h after injection with CoPP. The results showed that 57CoPP was retained in the hypothalamus preferentially compared with the cortex of the brain and could be detected in the hypothalamus for in excess of 5 wk. Fos activation was increased by CoPP, detected predominantly in neuronal rather than glial cells, and was markedly more robust in the hypothalamus than in other brain areas. Thus CoPP remains in the hypothalamus for prolonged periods and activates Fos expression in the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Short-Term and Long-Term Changes in Corneal Power Are Not Correlated With Axial Elongation of the Eye Induced by Orthokeratology in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido ◽  
César Villa-Collar ◽  
Bernard Gilmartin ◽  
Ramón Gutiérrez-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Corneal Power ◽  
Axial Elongation ◽  
Long Term Changes

Effects of adrenocorticotropin on temperature- and pressure-dependent metabolic functions

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. Hale ◽  
Roy B. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Metabolic States ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Low Dosage

Effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in low dosage on metabolic aspects were determined in adult male rats acclimated to cold, neutral or hot environments or to low barometric pressure. Urinary determinations provided the means for indirectly assessing metabolic states. The metabolic aspects studied were Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, taurine, ß-alanine, glycine, α-alanine, valine, methionine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, glucose, glucuronic acid, phenolic acids and coproporphyrin. Additionally, fecal determinations were made for coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin. The interplay between endocrine and environmental factors and their importance to metabolic states during short-term and long-term exposures to environmental extremes thus received some clarification. With the low dosage employed, ACTH had a ‘restraining’ influence on nonspecific metabolic responses.

Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis Causes Long-Term Changes in Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis Neurons

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 3815-3825 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bereiter ◽  
Keiichiro Okamoto ◽  
Akimasa Tashiro ◽  
Harumitsu Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis ◽  
Stimulation Of

Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is commonly used in animals to mimic ocular inflammation in humans. Although the peripheral aspects of EIU have been well studied, little is known of the central neural effects of anterior eye inflammation. EIU was induced in male rats by endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg ip) given 2 or 7 days earlier. Neurons responsive to mechanical stimulation of the ocular surface were recorded under barbiturate anesthesia at the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition and subnucleus caudalis/cervical cord (Vc/C1) junction, the main terminal regions for corneal nociceptors. Two days after LPS, Vc/C1 units had reduced responses to histamine, nicotine, and CO2 gas applied to the ocular surface, whereas unit responses were increased 7 days after LPS. Those units with convergent cutaneous receptive fields at Vc/C1 were enlarged 7 days after LPS. Units at the Vi/Vc transition also had reduced responses to histamine and CO2 2 days after LPS but no enhancement was seen at 7 days. Tear volume evoked by CO2 was reduced 2 days after LPS and returned toward control values by 7 days, whereas CO2-evoked eye blinks were normal at 2 days and increased 7 days after LPS. These results indicate that a single exposure to endotoxin causes long-term changes in the excitability of second-order neurons responsive to noxious ocular stimulation. The differential effects of EIU on tear volume and eye blink lend further support for the hypothesis that ocular-sensitive neurons at the Vi/Vc transition and Vc/C1 junction regions mediate different aspects of pain during intraocular inflammation.

scholarly journals 59 Short term elevation of cholesterol level in neonatal life and long term changes in aortic stiffness: insights from use of intravenous lipids

Heart ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 97 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A37-A38
Author(s):  
A. J. Lewandowski ◽  
M. Lazdam ◽  
E. Davis ◽  
R. Poole ◽  
J. Diesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Aortic Stiffness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Intravenous Lipids

scholarly journals Short-term changes in arterial inflammation predict long-term changes in atherosclerosis progression

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Joseph ◽  
Amorina Ishai ◽  
Venkatesh Mani ◽  
David Kallend ◽  
James H. F. Rudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Atherosclerosis Progression ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Arterial Inflammation
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