scholarly journals Spatial heterogeneity of an ecologically relevant environment accelerates diversification and adaptation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stineke van Houte ◽  
Dan Padfield ◽  
Pedro Gomez ◽  
Adela M. Lujan ◽  
Michael A. Brockhurst ◽  
...  

AbstractSpatial heterogeneity is a key driver for the evolution of resource specialists and has been shown to both promote and constrain the rate of adaptation. However, direct empirical support for these evolutionary consequences of spatial heterogeneity comes from simplified laboratory environments. Here we address how spatial structure, through its effect on resource heterogeneity, alters diversification and adaptive evolution of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in an ecologically relevant context: soil-based compost. Our data show that environmental heterogeneity can both promote phenotypic diversification and accelerate adaptation. These results suggest that environmental disturbance, which can decrease spatial heterogeneity, may limit diversification and adaptation of microbial populations.

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Ebensperger ◽  
Felipe Pérez de Arce ◽  
Sebastian Abades ◽  
Loren D. Hayes

Abstract Contrasting scenarios have been proposed to explain how resource heterogeneity influences group living or sociality. First, sociality may result from individuals in larger groups attaining net fitness benefits by monopolizing access to resources (“resource-defense” hypothesis). Second, sociality may be the fitness-neutral outcome of multiple individuals using a territory with sufficient resources to sustain a group of conspecifics (“resource-dispersion” hypothesis). While previous studies have tended to support the resource-dispersion hypothesis, these analyses have typically examined only 1 or a few predictions, making it difficult to distinguish between the 2 alternatives. We conducted a 4-year field study of Octodon degus to quantify the effects of spatial heterogeneity in food and refuge distributions on group size and 2 components of reproductive success (per capita number of offspring, offspring survival) in this plural breeding and communal rearing rodent. We found only a small effect of heterogeneity of food resources on group size; the effect food resource distribution on group territory size varied across years. Group size did not vary with spatial variation in group territory size and quality. Importantly, there was no covariation between group size and quality of an individual’s territory (i.e., a measure of individual access to resources), or between this measure of territory quality and reproductive success, implying no resource-based benefits to social degus. Overall, our results were more consistent with fitness-neutral relationships among spatial heterogeneity of resources, sociality, and territory size. The resource-dispersion hypothesis, however, did not provide a complete explanation for degu socioecology. Se han propuesto distintas hipótesis para explicar cómo la heterogeneidad de los recursos afecta la vida en grupos, o sociabilidad. Esta puede surgir en situaciones donde individuos en grupos grandes se benefician al monopolizar el acceso a recursos (hipótesis de defensa de recursos). Por otra parte, la vida en grupos también puede ser el resultado neutro (en términos de adecuación) de individuos que comparten un territorio con recursos suficientes (hipótesis de dispersión de recursos). Aunque algunos estudios previos han validado la hipótesis de dispersión de recursos, estos solo han evaluado un número limitado de las predicciones de esta hipótesis, lo que ha dificultado distinguir entre esta y otras hipótesis alternativas. Durante un estudio de 4 años cuantificamos los efectos de la heterogeneidad espacial de alimento y distribución de refugios sobre el tamaño de grupo y dos componentes del éxito reproductivo (número per cápita de crías, supervivencia de las crías) en Octodon degus. Se registraron efectos relativamente pequeños de la heterogeneidad espacial del alimento sobre el tamaño de grupo, y variables entre años sobre el tamaño del territorio de cada grupo. El tamaño de grupo no fue afectado por la variación espacial en el tamaño y calidad del territorio de los grupos. No se registró co-variación entre el tamaño de los grupos y la calidad del territorio de cada individuo (una medida individual del acceso a recursos), o entre la calidad del territorio individual y el éxito reproductivo, lo que sugiere ausencia de beneficios derivados del uso social de recursos en degus. En general, los resultados fueron más consistentes con un escenario de efectos neutros de la heterogeneidad espacial de recursos sobre la sociabilidad. Sin embargo, la hipótesis de dispersión de recursos no explicó el conjunto de efectos (o su ausencia) asociados a la socioecología del degu.


2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20130502 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brown ◽  
D. F. R. P. Burslem ◽  
J. B. Illian ◽  
L. Bao ◽  
W. Brockelman ◽  
...  

Neutral and niche theories give contrasting explanations for the maintenance of tropical tree species diversity. Both have some empirical support, but methods to disentangle their effects have not yet been developed. We applied a statistical measure of spatial structure to data from 14 large tropical forest plots to test a prediction of niche theory that is incompatible with neutral theory: that species in heterogeneous environments should separate out in space according to their niche preferences. We chose plots across a range of topographic heterogeneity, and tested whether pairwise spatial associations among species were more variable in more heterogeneous sites. We found strong support for this prediction, based on a strong positive relationship between variance in the spatial structure of species pairs and topographic heterogeneity across sites. We interpret this pattern as evidence of pervasive niche differentiation, which increases in importance with increasing environmental heterogeneity.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford P Taylor ◽  
Catherine J Penington ◽  
Joshua S. Weitz

AbstractMultiple virus particles can infect a target host cell. Such multiple infections (MIs) have significant and varied ecological and evolutionary consequences for both virus and host populations. Yet, the in situ rates and drivers of MIs in virusmicrobe systems remain largely unknown. Here, we develop an individual-based model (IBM) of virus-microbe dynamics to probe how spatial interactions drive the frequency and nature of MIs. In our IBMs, we identify increasingly spatially correlated clusters of viruses given sufficient decreases viral movement. We also identify increasingly spatially correlated clusters of viruses and clusters of hosts given sufficient increases in viral infectivity. The emergence of clusters is associated with an increase in multiply infected hosts as compared to expectations from an analogous mean-field model. We also observe longtails in the distribution of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) in contrast to mean-field expectations that such events are exponentially rare. We show that increases in both the frequency and severity of MIs occur when viruses invade a cluster of uninfected microbes. We contend that population-scale enhancement of MI arises from an aggregate of invasion dynamics over a distribution of microbe cluster sizes. Our work highlights the need to consider spatially explicit interactions as a potentially key driver underlying the ecology and evolution of virus-microbe communities.


eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley D Seed ◽  
Minmin Yen ◽  
B Jesse Shapiro ◽  
Isabelle J Hilaire ◽  
Richelle C Charles ◽  
...  

The impact of phage predation on bacterial pathogens in the context of human disease is not currently appreciated. Here, we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natural course of infection within individual patients. We analyzed geographically and temporally disparate cholera patient stool samples from Haiti and Bangladesh and found that phage predation can drive the genomic diversity of intra-patient V. cholerae populations. Intra-patient phage-sensitive and phage-resistant isolates were isogenic except for mutations conferring phage resistance, and moreover, phage-resistant V. cholerae populations were composed of a heterogeneous mix of many unique mutants. We also observed that phage predation can significantly alter the virulence potential of V. cholerae shed from cholera patients. We provide the first molecular evidence for predatory phage shaping microbial community structure during the natural course of infection in humans.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Bocedi

AbstractInbreeding depression, defined as the reduction in fitness components of offspring of related individuals compared to offspring of unrelated individuals, is a widespread phenomenon and has profound demographic and evolutionary consequences. It can reduce the mean fitness of a population and increase extinction risk, and it can affect traits evolution. Inbreeding depression is widely hypothesized to be a key driver of the evolution of, among other traits, dispersal (individual movements potentially leading to spatial gene flow) and polyandry (female mating with multiple males within a single reproductive bout), as mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. In turn, both dispersal and polyandry can change the relatedness structure within and among populations, thus affecting opportunity for inbreeding and consequent evolution of inbreeding depression. However, despite this potential major shared driver, and despite the large amount of both theoretical and empirical work, evolution of dispersal and polyandry given inbreeding have been so far studied separately, and thus we still do not know whether and how dispersal and polyandry affect each other’s evolution, and how they may feed-back onto evolution of inbreeding depression itself. Here, using a genetically-explicit individual-based model, which models realistic distributions of selection and dominance coefficients of deleterious recessive mutations underpinning inbreeding depression, I show that: 1) inbreeding depression indeed drives evolution of dispersal and polyandry; 2) there is a negative feedback between dispersal evolution and polyandry evolution, which therefore evolve as alternative inbreeding avoidance strategies; 3) inbreeding depression is mainly shaped by the level of dispersal, while polyandry has a much more limited effect.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias C. Rillig ◽  
Anderson Abel de Souza Machado ◽  
Anika Lehmann ◽  
Uli Klümper

Environmental contextMicroplastic particles are increasingly recognised as human-caused pollutants in soil with potential harmful effects on soil microorganisms. Microplastics may also have evolutionary consequences for soil microbes, because the particles may alter conditions in the soil and hence selection pressures. Including an evolutionary perspective in an environmental assessment of microplastics could lead to new questions and novel insights into responses of soil microbes to this anthropogenic stressor. AbstractMicroplastic pollution is increasingly considered to be a factor of global change: in addition to aquatic ecosystems, this persistent contaminant is also found in terrestrial systems and soils. Microplastics have been chiefly examined in soils in terms of the presence and potential effects on soil biota. Given the persistence and widespread distribution of microplastics, it is also important to consider potential evolutionary implications of the presence of microplastics in soil; we offer such a perspective for soil microbiota. We discuss the range of selection pressures likely to act upon soil microbes, highlight approaches for the study of evolutionary responses to microplastics, and present the obstacles to be overcome. Pondering the evolutionary consequences of microplastics in soils can yield new insights into the effects of this group of pollutants, including establishing ‘true’ baselines in soil ecology, and understanding future responses of soil microbial populations and communities.


Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 423-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lenormand ◽  
Sarah P Otto

Abstract Most models describing the evolution of recombination have focused on the case of a single population, implicitly assuming that all individuals are equally likely to mate and that spatial heterogeneity in selection is absent. In these models, the evolution of recombination is driven by linkage disequilibria generated either by epistatic selection or drift. Models based on epistatic selection show that recombination can be favored if epistasis is negative and weak compared to directional selection and if the recombination modifier locus is tightly linked to the selected loci. In this article, we examine the joint effects of spatial heterogeneity in selection and epistasis on the evolution of recombination. In a model with two patches, each subject to different selection regimes, we consider the cases of mutation-selection and migration-selection balance as well as the spread of beneficial alleles. We find that including spatial heterogeneity extends the range of epistasis over which recombination can be favored. Indeed, recombination can be favored without epistasis, with negative and even with positive epistasis depending on environmental circumstances. The selection pressure acting on recombination-modifier loci is often much stronger with spatial heterogeneity, and even loosely linked modifiers and free linkage may evolve. In each case, predicting whether recombination is favored requires knowledge of both the type of environmental heterogeneity and epistasis, as none of these factors alone is sufficient to predict the outcome.


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