scholarly journals A novel pathway linking plasma membrane and chloroplasts is co-opted by pathogens to suppress salicylic acid-dependent defences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Medina-Puche ◽  
Huang Tan ◽  
Vivek Dogra ◽  
Mengshi Wu ◽  
Tabata Rosas-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Subcellular Targeting ◽  
Chloroplast Transit Peptide ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

SUMMARYChloroplasts are crucial players in the activation of defensive hormonal responses during plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we show that a plant virus-encoded protein re-localizes from the plasma membrane to chloroplasts upon triggering plant defence, interfering with the chloroplast-dependent activation of anti-viral salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Strikingly, we have found that plant pathogens from different kingdoms seem to have convergently evolved to target chloroplasts and impair SA-dependent defences following an association with membranes, which is based on the co-existence of two subcellular targeting signals, an N-myristoylation site and a chloroplast transit peptide. This pattern is also present in plant proteins, at least one of which conversely activates SA defences from the chloroplast. Taken together, our results suggest that a pathway linking plasma membrane to chloroplasts and activating defence exists in plants, and that such pathway has been co-opted by plant pathogens during host-pathogen co-evolution to promote virulence through suppression of SA responses.

scholarly journals Plastid transit peptides—where do they come from and where do they all belong? Multi-genome and pan-genomic assessment of chloroplast transit peptide evolution

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9772
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Christian ◽  
Seanna L. Hewitt ◽  
Grant Nelson ◽  
Eric H. Roalson ◽  
Amit Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Shotgun Proteomics ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Subcellular Targeting ◽  
Chloroplast Transit Peptide ◽  
Transit Peptides ◽  
Alternative Transcription ◽  
Plastid Targeting ◽  
Comparative Genomics Analysis ◽  
Strict Requirement

Subcellular relocalization of proteins determines an organism’s metabolic repertoire and thereby its survival in unique evolutionary niches. In plants, the plastid and its various morphotypes import a large and varied number of nuclear-encoded proteins to orchestrate vital biochemical reactions in a spatiotemporal context. Recent comparative genomics analysis and high-throughput shotgun proteomics data indicate that there are a large number of plastid-targeted proteins that are either semi-conserved or non-conserved across different lineages. This implies that homologs are differentially targeted across different species, which is feasible only if proteins have gained or lost plastid targeting peptides during evolution. In this study, a broad, multi-genome analysis of 15 phylogenetically diverse genera and in-depth analyses of pangenomes from Arabidopsis and Brachypodium were performed to address the question of how proteins acquire or lose plastid targeting peptides. The analysis revealed that random insertions or deletions were the dominant mechanism by which novel transit peptides are gained by proteins. While gene duplication was not a strict requirement for the acquisition of novel subcellular targeting, 40% of novel plastid-targeted genes were found to be most closely related to a sequence within the same genome, and of these, 30.5% resulted from alternative transcription or translation initiation sites. Interestingly, analysis of the distribution of amino acids in the transit peptides of known and predicted chloroplast-targeted proteins revealed monocot and eudicot-specific preferences in residue distribution.

scholarly journals Programmed chloroplast destruction during leaf senescence involves 13-lipoxygenase (13-LOX)

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 3383-3388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Springer ◽  
ChulHee Kang ◽  
Sachin Rustgi ◽  
Diter von Wettstein ◽  
Christiane Reinbothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Pathogen Defense ◽  
Chloroplast Transit Peptide ◽  
Selective Destruction ◽  
Plastid Envelope ◽  
Volatile Aldehydes

Leaf senescence is the terminal stage in the development of perennial plants. Massive physiological changes occur that lead to the shut down of photosynthesis and a cessation of growth. Leaf senescence involves the selective destruction of the chloroplast as the site of photosynthesis. Here, we show that 13-lipoxygenase (13-LOX) accomplishes a key role in the destruction of chloroplasts in senescing plants and propose a critical role of its NH2-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. The 13-LOX enzyme identified here accumulated in the plastid envelope and catalyzed the dioxygenation of unsaturated membrane fatty acids, leading to a selective destruction of the chloroplast and the release of stromal constituents. Because 13-LOX pathway products comprise compounds involved in insect deterrence and pathogen defense (volatile aldehydes and oxylipins), a mechanism of unmolested nitrogen and carbon relocation is suggested that occurs from leaves to seeds and roots during fall.

Effectors of biotrophic fungal plant pathogens

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela H. P. Gan ◽  
Maryam Rafiqi ◽  
Adrienne R. Hardham ◽  
Peter N. Dodds
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Biotrophic Fungi

Plant pathogenic biotrophic fungi are able to grow within living plant tissue due to the action of secreted pathogen proteins known as effectors that alter the response of plant cells to pathogens. The discovery and identification of these proteins has greatly expanded with the sequencing and annotation of fungal pathogen genomes. Studies to characterise effector function have revealed that a subset of these secreted pathogen proteins interact with plant proteins within the host cytoplasm. This review focuses on the effectors of intracellular biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens and summarises advances in understanding the roles of these proteins in disease and in elucidating the mechanism of fungal effector uptake into host cells.

scholarly journals Plasma membrane order and fluidity are diversely triggered by elicitors of plant defence

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (17) ◽  
pp. 5173-5185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Sandor ◽  
Christophe Der ◽  
Kevin Grosjean ◽  
Iulia Anca ◽  
Elodie Noirot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Membrane Order

Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses.

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Angela Ricci ◽  
Silvia Sabbadini ◽  
Laura Miozzi ◽  
Bruno Mezzetti ◽  
Emanuela Noris
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Sequence Specificity ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing

Abstract Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.

Diverse Responses Are Involved in the Defence of Arabidopsis thaliana against Turnip Crinkle Virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Shu Yuan ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Ji Huang ◽  
Yang-Er Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Turnip Crinkle Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plant hormones play pivotal roles as signals of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we report that exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethephon (ETH), and abscisic acid (ABA) can reduce Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) accumulation in systemic leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during early infection. SA and ABA are more efficient and confer a longer-lasting resistance against TCV than JA and ETH, and the plant hormones interact in effecting the plant defence. Synergistic actions of SA and JA, and SA and ET, and an antagonistic action of SA and ABA have been observed in the Arabidopsis-TCV interaction. ABA can down-regulate the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PDF1.2, and compared to the wild type, it drastically reduces TCV accumulation in NahG transgenic plants and the eds5-p1 mutant, both of which do not accumulate SA. This indicates that SA signaling negatively regulates the ABA-mediated defence. ABA-induced resistance against TCV is independent of SA. We also found that mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MPK5) may be involved in ABA-mediated defence. These results indicate that Arabidopsis can activate distinct signals to inhibit virus accumulation. Cooperative or antagonistic crosstalk between them is pivotal for establishing disease resistance. These results show potential to enhance the plant defence against viruses by manipulating diverse hormones.

scholarly journals Salicylic acid-mediated plasmodesmal closure via Remorin-dependent lipid organization

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (42) ◽  
pp. 21274-21284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingquan Huang ◽  
Yanbiao Sun ◽  
Zhiming Ma ◽  
Meiyu Ke ◽  
Yong Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Lipid Raft ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Lipid Organization

Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific membrane-lined channels that create cytoplasmic and membrane continuities between adjacent cells, thereby facilitating cell–cell communication and virus movement. Plant cells have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate PD plasticity in response to numerous environmental stimuli. In particular, during defense against plant pathogens, the defense hormone, salicylic acid (SA), plays a crucial role in the regulation of PD permeability in a callose-dependent manner. Here, we uncover a mechanism by which plants restrict the spreading of virus and PD cargoes using SA signaling by increasing lipid order and closure of PD. We showed that exogenous SA application triggered the compartmentalization of lipid raft nanodomains through a modulation of the lipid raft-regulatory protein, Remorin (REM). Genetic studies, superresolution imaging, and transmission electron microscopy observation together demonstrated that Arabidopsis REM1.2 and REM1.3 are crucial for plasma membrane nanodomain assembly to control PD aperture and functionality. In addition, we also found that a 14-3-3 epsilon protein modulates REM clustering and membrane nanodomain compartmentalization through its direct interaction with REM proteins. This study unveils a molecular mechanism by which the key plant defense hormone, SA, triggers membrane lipid nanodomain reorganization, thereby regulating PD closure to impede virus spreading.

scholarly journals The Involvement of Jasmonic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid in the Signaling Pathway of Clonostachys rosea-Induced Resistance to Gray Mold Disease in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1102-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuying Wang ◽  
Xiuling Chen ◽  
Xinfeng Chai ◽  
Dongqi Xue ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a serious disease that threatens tomato production around the world. Clonostachys rosea has been used successfully as a biocontrol agent against divergent plant pathogens, including B. cinerea. To understand the signal transduction pathway of C. rosea-induced resistance to tomato gray mold disease, the effects of C. rosea on gray mold tomato leaves along with changes in the activities of three defense enzymes (phenylalanine ammonialyase [PAL], polyphenol oxidase [PPO], and catalase [CAT]), second messengers (nitric oxide [NO], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and superoxide anion radical [O2−]), and stress-related genes (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK], WRKY, Lexyl2, and atpA) in four different hormone-deficient (jasmonic acid [JA], ethylene [ET], salicylic acid [SA], and gibberellin) tomato mutants were investigated. The results revealed that C. rosea significantly inhibited the growth of mycelia and spore germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, it reduced the incidence of gray mold disease, induced higher levels of PAL and PPO, and induced lower levels of CAT activities in tomato leaves. Moreover, it also increased NO, H2O2, and O2− levels and the gene expression levels of WRKY, MAPK, atpA, and Lexyl2. The incidence of gray mold disease in four hormone-deficient mutants was higher than that in the corresponding wild-type tomato plants. Among all of these hormone-deficient tomato mutants, JA had the most significant effect in regulating the different signal molecules. Additional study suggested that JA upregulated the expression of Lexyl2, MAPK, and WRKY but downregulated atpA. Furthermore, JA also enhanced the activity of PAL, PPO, and CAT and the production of NO and H2O2. SA downregulated CAT and PAL, whereas ET upregulated PAL but downregulated CAT. This study is of significance in understanding the regulatory pathways and biocontrol mechanism of C. rosea against B. cinerea.

Construction of Two Vectors for a Bypass of Monocotyledon Plants Photorespiration

2011 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Xue Liang Bai ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Ning Ning Liu ◽  
Li Jing Wei ◽  
Ye Rong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Binary Vector ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Chloroplast Transit Peptide ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plant Expression ◽  
Glycolate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Save Energy

In order to modify the photorespiration of monocotyledonous crops, we aimed to construct vectors that will be used to introduce a bypass to the native photorespiration pathway. Firstly, we cloned the encoding sequences of glyoxylate carboligase (GCL) and tartronic semialdehyde reductase (TSR) fromE. coli, glycolate dehydrogenase (GDH) fromArabidopsis thalianaand chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) from rice. Then we constructed a universal vector pEXP harboring the encoding sequence of cTP for targeting a protein into chloroplast. By insertion of these three encoding sequences into the universal vector pEXP, we obtained the expression cassettes for GCL, TSR and GDH, respectively. Finally, we inserted the cassettes for GCL and TSR in tandem into the binary vector pCAMBIA 1301, and for GDH into another binary vector, pPGN, to obtain our plant expression vectors pCAMBIA 1301-TG and pPGN-GDH, respectively. These two expression vectors possess different selection resistance and can be used to transform monocots together, to introduce the bypass pathway of photorespiration. By this way, the transgenic plants can recycle glycolate, the by-product of photosynthesis in C3plants, within the chloroplast, simultaneously, save energy and avoid the loss of ammonia, which will contribute to improved growth.

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