scholarly journals Spatial modulation of visual signals arises in cortex with active navigation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mika Diamanti ◽  
Charu Bai Reddy ◽  
Sylvia Schröder ◽  
Tomaso Muzzu ◽  
Kenneth D. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Spatial Modulation ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Familiar Environment ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

During navigation, the visual responses of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) are modulated by the animal’s spatial position. Here we show that this spatial modulation is similarly present across multiple higher visual areas but largely absent in the main thalamic pathway into V1. Similar to hippocampus, spatial modulation in visual cortex strengthens with experience and requires engagement in active behavior. Active navigation in a familiar environment, therefore, determines spatial modulation of visual signals starting in the cortex.

scholarly journals Spatial modulation of visual responses arises in cortex with active navigation

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mika Diamanti ◽  
Charu Bai Reddy ◽  
Sylvia Schröder ◽  
Tomaso Muzzu ◽  
Kenneth D Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Spatial Modulation ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Familiar Environment ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

During navigation, the visual responses of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) are modulated by the animal’s spatial position. Here we show that this spatial modulation is similarly present across multiple higher visual areas but negligible in the main thalamic pathway into V1. Similar to hippocampus, spatial modulation in visual cortex strengthens with experience and with active behavior. Active navigation in a familiar environment, therefore, enhances the spatial modulation of visual signals starting in the cortex.

scholarly journals Unique spatial integration in mouse primary visual cortex and higher visual areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Murgas ◽  
Ashley M. Wilson ◽  
Valerie Michael ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

AbstractNeurons in the visual system integrate over a wide range of spatial scales. This diversity is thought to enable both local and global computations. To understand how spatial information is encoded across the mouse visual system, we use two-photon imaging to measure receptive fields in primary visual cortex (V1) and three downstream higher visual areas (HVAs): LM (lateromedial), AL (anterolateral) and PM (posteromedial). We find significantly larger receptive field sizes and less surround suppression in PM than in V1 or the other HVAs. Unlike other visual features studied in this system, specialization of spatial integration in PM cannot be explained by specific projections from V1 to the HVAs. Instead, our data suggests that distinct connectivity within PM may support the area’s unique ability to encode global features of the visual scene, whereas V1, LM and AL may be more specialized for processing local features.

scholarly journals Running reduces firing but improves coding in rodent higher-order visual cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia J. Christensen ◽  
Jonathan W. Pillow
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Allen Brain ◽  
Visual Areas

Running profoundly alters stimulus-response properties in mouse primary visual cortex (V1), but its effects in higher-order visual cortex remain unknown. Here we systematically investigated how locomotion modulates visual responses across six visual areas and three cortical layers using a massive dataset from the Allen Brain Institute. Although running has been shown to increase firing in V1, we found that it suppressed firing in higher-order visual areas. Despite this reduction in gain, visual responses during running could be decoded more accurately than visual responses during stationary periods. We show that this effect was not attributable to changes in noise correlations, and propose that it instead arises from increased reliability of single neuron responses during running.

scholarly journals Increased region of surround stimulation enhances contextual feedback and feedforward processing in human V1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Revina ◽  
Lucy S Petro ◽  
Cristina B Denk-Florea ◽  
Isa S Rao ◽  
Lars Muckli
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Feedforward Processing ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

The majority of synaptic inputs to the primary visual cortex (V1) are non-feedforward, instead originating from local and anatomical feedback connections. Animal electrophysiology experiments show that feedback signals originating from higher visual areas with larger receptive fields modulate the surround receptive fields of V1 neurons. Theories of cortical processing propose various roles for feedback and feedforward processing, but systematically investigating their independent contributions to cortical processing is challenging because feedback and feedforward processes coexist even in single neurons. Capitalising on the larger receptive fields of higher visual areas compared to primary visual cortex (V1), we used an occlusion paradigm that isolates top-down influences from feedforward processing. We utilised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multi-voxel pattern analysis methods in humans viewing natural scene images. We parametrically measured how the availability of contextual information determines the presence of detectable feedback information in non-stimulated V1, and how feedback information interacts with feedforward processing. We show that increasing the visibility of the contextual surround increases scene-specific feedback information, and that this contextual feedback enhances feedforward information. Our findings are in line with theories that cortical feedback signals transmit internal models of predicted inputs.

scholarly journals Magnitude, time course, and specificity of rapid adaptation across mouse visual areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaomiao Jin ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

Rapid adaptation dynamically alters sensory signals to account for recent experience. To understand how adaptation affects sensory processing and perception, we must determine how it impacts the diverse set of cortical and subcortical areas along the hierarchy of the mouse visual system. We find that rapid adaptation strongly impacts neurons in primary visual cortex, the higher visual areas, and the colliculus, consistent with its profound effects on behavior.

scholarly journals Unique Spatial Integration in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex and Higher Visual Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1862-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Murgas ◽  
Ashley M. Wilson ◽  
Valerie Michael ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

scholarly journals Binocular integration of retinal motion information underlies optic flow processing by the cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune N. Rasmussen ◽  
Akihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Simon Arvin ◽  
Keisuke Yonehara
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Retinal Motion ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

AbstractLocomotion creates various patterns of optic flow on the retina, which provide the observer with information about their movement relative to the environment. However, it is unclear how these optic flow patterns are encoded by the cortex. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to systematically map monocular and binocular responses to horizontal motion in four areas of the visual cortex. We find that neurons selective to translational or rotational optic flow are abundant in higher visual areas, whereas neurons suppressed by binocular motion are more common in the primary visual cortex. Disruption of retinal direction selectivity in Frmd7 mutant mice reduces the number of translation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex, and translation- and rotation-selective neurons as well as binocular direction-selective neurons in the rostrolateral and anterior visual cortex, blurring the functional distinction between primary and higher visual areas. Thus, optic flow representations in specific areas of the visual cortex rely on binocular integration of motion information from the retina.

scholarly journals Exclusive functional subnetworks of intracortical projections neurons in primary visual cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mean-Hwan Kim ◽  
Petr Znamenskiy ◽  
Maria Florencia Iacaruso ◽  
Thomas D. Mrsic-Flogel
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Visual Cortex Neurons ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

The rules by which neurons in neocortex choose their synaptic partners are not fully understood. In sensory cortex, intermingled neurons encode different attributes of sensory inputs and relay them to different long-range targets. While neurons with similar responses to sensory stimuli make connections preferentially, the relationship between synaptic connectivity within an area and long-range projection target remains unclear. We examined the local connectivity and visual responses of primary visual cortex neurons projecting to anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM) higher visual areas in mice. Although the response properties of layer 2/3 neurons projecting to different targets were often similar, they avoided making connections with each other. Thus, projection target acts independently of response similarity to constrain local synaptic connectivity of cortical neurons. We propose that this segregated connectivity rule reduces the crosstalk between different populations of projection neurons, allowing top-down signal to modulate the activity of these output channels independently.

scholarly journals Adaptive Integration in the Visual Cortex by Depressing Recurrent Cortical Circuits

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1847-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. W. van Rossum ◽  
Matthijs A. A. van der Meer ◽  
Dengke Xiao ◽  
Mike W. Oram
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Higher Visual Areas ◽  
Recurrent Connections

Neurons in the visual cortex receive a large amount of input from recurrent connections, yet the functional role of these connections remains unclear. Here we explore networks with strong recurrence in a computational model and show that short-term depression of the synapses in the recurrent loops implements an adaptive filter. This allows the visual system to respond reliably to deteriorated stimuli yet quickly to high-quality stimuli. For low-contrast stimuli, the model predicts long response latencies, whereas latencies are short for high-contrast stimuli. This is consistent with physiological data showing that in higher visual areas, latencies can increase more than 100 ms at low contrast compared to high contrast. Moreover, when presented with briefly flashed stimuli, the model predicts stereotypical responses that outlast the stimulus, again consistent with physiological findings. The adaptive properties of the model suggest that the abundant recurrent connections found in visual cortex serve to adapt the network's time constant in accordance with the stimulus and normalizes neuronal signals such that processing is as fast as possible while maintaining reliability.

scholarly journals Pure tones modulate the representation of orientation and direction in the primary visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 2202-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. McClure ◽  
Pierre-Olivier Polack
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Multimodal Integration ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Impact

Multimodal sensory integration facilitates the generation of a unified and coherent perception of the environment. It is now well established that unimodal sensory perceptions, such as vision, are improved in multisensory contexts. Whereas multimodal integration is primarily performed by dedicated multisensory brain regions such as the association cortices or the superior colliculus, recent studies have shown that multisensory interactions also occur in primary sensory cortices. In particular, sounds were shown to modulate the responses of neurons located in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Yet, the net effect of sound modulation at the V1 population level remained unclear. In the present study, we performed two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare the representation of the orientation and the direction of drifting gratings by V1 L2/3 neurons in unimodal (visual only) or multimodal (audiovisual) conditions. We found that sound modulation depended on the tuning properties (orientation and direction selectivity) and response amplitudes of V1 L2/3 neurons. Sounds potentiated the responses of neurons that were highly tuned to the cue’s orientation and direction but weakly active in the unimodal context, following the principle of inverse effectiveness of multimodal integration. Moreover, sound suppressed the responses of neurons untuned for the orientation and/or the direction of the visual cue. Altogether, sound modulation improved the representation of the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus in V1 L2/3. Namely, visual stimuli presented with auditory stimuli recruited a neuronal population better tuned to the visual stimulus orientation and direction than when presented alone. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The primary visual cortex (V1) receives direct inputs from the primary auditory cortex. Yet, the impact of sounds on visual processing in V1 remains controverted. We show that the modulation by pure tones of V1 visual responses depends on the orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and response amplitudes of V1 neurons. Hence, audiovisual stimuli recruit a population of V1 neurons better tuned to the orientation and direction of the visual stimulus than unimodal visual stimuli.

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