scholarly journals Adaptations to Oral and Pharyngeal Swallowing Function Induced by Injury to the Mylohyoid Muscle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne N. King ◽  
Brittany Fletcher ◽  
Bradley Kimbel ◽  
Nicholas Bonomo ◽  
Teresa Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Mylohyoid Muscle ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Bolus Transit ◽  
Bolus Size ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

AbstractMuscle injury is a frequent side effect of radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. To understand the pathophysiology of injury-related dysfunction, we investigated the effects of a single muscle injury to the mylohyoid on oropharyngeal swallowing function in the rat. The mylohyoid protects the airway from food/liquid via hyolaryngeal elevation and plays an active role during both oral and pharyngeal swallowing. We hypothesized (1) that fibrosis to the mylohyoid alters swallowing bolus flow and licking patterns; (2) that injury to the mylohyoid changes normal activity of submental, laryngeal, and pharyngeal muscles during swallowing. A chilled cryoprobe was applied to the rat mylohyoid muscle to create a localized injury. After 1- and 2-weeks post-injury, swallowing bolus transit was assessed via videofluoroscopy and licking behavior via an electrical lick sensor. The motor activity of five swallow-related muscles were analyzed immediately after injury using electromyography (EMG). Comparisons were made pre- and post-injury. Fibrosis was confirmed in the mylohyoid at 2-weeks post-injury by measuring collagen content. One-week after injury, bolus size decreased, swallowing rate reduced, and licking patterns were altered. Immediately post-injury, there was a significant depression in mylohyoid and thyropharyngeus EMG amplitudes during swallowing. Our results demonstrated that injury to the mylohyoid is sufficient to cause changes in deglutition. These disruptions in oral and pharyngeal swallowing were detected prior to long-term fibrotic changes, including delays in tongue movement, alterations in bolus flow, and changes in sensorimotor function. Therefore, injuring a single important swallowing muscle can have dramatic clinical effects.

Speech and Swallowing in Irradiated and Nonirradiated Postsurgical Oral Cancer Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Roa Pauloski ◽  
Alfred W. Rademaker ◽  
Jerilyn A. Logemann ◽  
Laura A. Colangelo
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Tongue Base ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Postoperative Radiation Therapy ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Pharyngeal Clearance ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

The effect of radiation on speech and swallowing function was assessed for 18 patients surgically treated for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Nine patients received surgical intervention and postoperative radiation therapy, and nine received surgery only. Patients were matched regarding percentage of oral tongue resected, percentage of tongue base resected, locus of resection, and method of reconstruction. Speech and swallowing function was assessed before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery following a standardized protocol. Speech tasks included an audio recording of a brief conversation and of a standard articulation test; swallowing function was examined with videofluoroscopy. Statistical testing indicated that overall speech function did not differ between the irradiated and nonirradiated patients. Irradiated patients had significantly reduced oral and pharyngeal swallowing performance, specifically, longer oral transit times on paste boluses, lower oropharyngeal swallow efficiency, increased pharyngeal residue, and reduced cricopharyngeal opening duration. Impaired function may be the result of radiation effects such as edema, fibrosis, and reduced salivary flow. Increased use of tongue range-of-motion exercises during and after radiation treatment may reduce the formation of fibrotic tissue in the oral cavity and may improve pharyngeal clearance by maintaining adequate tongue base-to-pharyngeal wall contact. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:616–24.)

Swallowing Dysfunction Following Radiation to the Rat Mylohyoid Muscle is Associated with Sensory Neuron Injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne N. King ◽  
Justin Hurley ◽  
Zachary Carter ◽  
Nicholas Bonomo ◽  
Brian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Mylohyoid Muscle ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Swallowing Dysfunction ◽  
Bolus Size ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Neuron Injury

Radiation based treatments for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers result in impairments in swallowing mobility, but the mechanisms behind the dysfunction are not clear. The purpose of this study was to determine if we could establish an animal model of radiation-induced dysphagia in which mechanisms could be examined. We hypothesized that (1) radiation focused at the depth of the mylohyoid muscle would alter normal bolus transport and bolus size; and (2) that radiation to the mylohyoid muscle will induce an injury/stress-like response in trigeminal sensory neurons whose input might modulate swallow. Rats were exposed to 48 or 56 Gy of radiation to the mylohyoid given 8 Gy in 6 or 7 fractions. Swallowing function was evaluated by videofluoroscopy 2- and 4-weeks following treatment. Neuronal injury/stress was analyzed in trigeminal ganglion by assessing ATF3 and GAP-43 mRNA at 2-, 4- and 8-weeks post. Irradiated rats exhibited decreases in bolus movement through the pharynx and alterations in bolus clearance. Additionally, ATF3 and GAP-43 mRNAs were upregulated in trigeminal ganglion in irradiated rats, suggesting that radiation to mylohyoid muscle induced an injury/stress response in neurons with cell bodies that are remote from the irradiated tissue. These results suggest that radiation-induced dysphagia can be assessed in the rat, and that radiation induces injury/stress-like responses in sensory neurons.

scholarly journals Adaptations to Oral and Pharyngeal Swallowing Function Induced by Injury to the Mylohyoid Muscle

Dysphagia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne N. King ◽  
Brittany Fletcher ◽  
Bradley Kimbel ◽  
Nicholas Bonomo ◽  
Teresa Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Mylohyoid Muscle ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

scholarly journals PO-052 Study on the Expression of Inflammatory Factor, chemotactic factor in the Repair of Skeletal Muscle Contusion in Mic

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Zhao ◽  
Weihua Xiao ◽  
Xin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Contusion ◽  
Chemotactic Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

Objective To investigate the regulation of muscle inflammatory factors and chemotactic factors during the repair of skeletal muscle contusion in mice. Methods Forty C57 male mice were needed. Eight for control group (C, n=8) and thirty-tow for muscle contusion group (S, n=32). Subsequently, their gastrocnemius muscles were harvested at 0d, 1d, 3d, 7d, 14d after injury. Hematoxylinand eosin (HE) stain were used to assess the changes of muscle morphology. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory factors and chemotactic factors was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results 1、Morphology of skeletal muscles showed signs of regeneration at 3d post injury. The maximumamount of regeneration muscle fibers appeared during one week post contusion. Two weeks post-injury morphology of myofibers nearly recovered to normal. 2、After skeletal muscle injury, macrophage markers (CD68, CD163, CD206), a variety of inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) were up-regulated. 3、chemotactic factors (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12, mRNA) were up-regulated。 Conclusions After skeletal muscle contusion, the expression of a variety of chemotactic factors is up-regulated, which promotes macrophage infiltration and produces a variety of inflammatory factors. They may be involved in the inflammatory response and regeneration process after skeletal muscle contusion.

The techniques of nonmuscular closure of hypopharyngeal defect following total laryngectomy: the assessment of complication and pharyngoesophageal segment

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1060-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Ping Wang ◽  
Tzu-Chan Tseng ◽  
Rheun-Chuan Lee ◽  
Shyue-Yih Chang
Keyword(s):  
Total Laryngectomy ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Voice Rehabilitation ◽  
Pharyngocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscle ◽  
Constrictor Muscle ◽  
Pharyngoesophageal Segment ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Closure Group

AbstractThe usual method of reconstructing a hypopharyngeal defect during total laryngectomy includes pharyngeal muscle layer closure, which may result in high pharyngoesophageal pressure. We hypothesize that nonclosure of the pharyngeal muscle can reduce the pressure of the pharyngoesophageal segment which can reduce the chances of the formation of pharyngocutaneous fistulae. A technique of nonmuscular closure of a hypopharyngeal defect is presented. The differences in the rate of fistula formation and swallowing function between patients with usual and nonmuscular closure were also studied. Sixty consecutive laryngectomees were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients received usual closure after total laryngectomy, whereas the other 30 patients underwent non closure of their pharyngeal muscles. One patient (3.3 per cent) in the nonmuscular closure group and three patients (10 per cent) in the usual closure group developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula. The pharyngoesophageal pressures of the nonmuscular closure group were significantly lower than those of the usual closure group. We conclude that the technique of nonclosure of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle after total laryngectomy is relatively more simple and is not associated with a higher rate of fistula formation. Furthermore, nonclosure of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle is preferable to muscular closure because it reduces the spasm of the pharyngoesophageal segment which limits voice rehabilitation.

Effect of Swallowing Rehabilitation Protocol on Swallowing Function in Patients with Esophageal Atresia and/or Tracheoesophageal Fistula

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selen Serel Arslan ◽  
Numan Demir ◽  
Sule Yalcın ◽  
Ayşe Karaduman ◽  
Ibrahim Karnak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Atresia ◽  
Tracheoesophageal Fistula ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Rehabilitation Protocol ◽  
Swallowing Rehabilitation ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of Swallowing Rehabilitation Protocol (SRP) on swallowing function (SF) of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) patients with pharyngeal swallowing disorder. Materials and Methods In this study, 24 children with EA-TEF who had deglutitive and respiratory problems were grouped into either study (n = 12) or control group (n = 12) by basic randomization. Study group received the SRP including neuromuscular electrical stimulation, thermal tactile stimulation, and hyolaryngeal mobilization. The control group received nonnutritive stimulations. SF was evaluated with 3 mL liquid and pudding barium by videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) before and after 20 sessions of interventions. Results No statistical differences were found between groups in terms of descriptive characteristics including age, sex, weight, height, type of atresia, repair type, repair time, and start time of oral intake (p > 0.05). There were no statistical differences between groups in term of swallowing parameters (p > 0.05), except reflux (p = 0.004) according to VFSS findings. After 20 sessions of interventions, the study group showed improvement in penetration–aspiration scale scores, oral phase dysfunction, delay in swallowing reflex, and residue in valleculae and pyriform sinuses after pudding swallow. The control group showed improvement only in oral phase dysfunction. Conclusion SRP can be recommended to improve SF in patients with EA/TEF who have pharyngeal swallowing disorders.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal and differentiation kinetics revealed by EdU lineage tracing during regeneration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Pawlikowski ◽  
Nicole Dalla Betta ◽  
Tiffany Antwine ◽  
Bradley B. Olwin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Muscle Stem Cell

SummarySkeletal muscle maintenance and repair is dependent on the resident adult muscle stem cell (MuSC). During injury, and in diseased muscle, stem cells are engaged to replace or repair damaged muscle, which requires the stem cells to exit quiescence and expand, followed by differentiation to regenerate myofibers and self-renewal to replenish the stem cell population. Following an injury, little is known regarding the timing of MuSC (skeletal muscle stem cell) self-renewal, myoblast expansion or myoblast differentiation. To determine the timing and kinetics of these cell fate decisions, we employed DNA-based lineage tracing to label newly replicated cells and followed cell fates during skeletal muscle regeneration. MuSCs activate and expand as myoblasts rapidly following injury, where the majority differentiate into myonuclei, establishing the centrally located myonuclear pool. Re-establishing the majority MuSC pool by self-renewal occurs after 5 days post-muscle injury, accompanied by low levels of myonuclear accretion that generate only peripheral myonuclei. In aged mice, possessing ∼1/2 the number of MuSCs present in young adult mice, the timing of post injury MuSC self-renewal is delayed, and although MuSCs expansion as myoblasts in aged muscle is impaired, the number of MuSC unexpectedly recovers to young adult levels during regeneration. Following an induced muscle injury, we found that myonuclei are generated within the first four days post injury derived from myoblasts expanding from activated MuSCs. Only later during regeneration, from 5 d to 14 d post injury, is the MuSC pool replenished by self-renewal, accompanied by generation of peripheral myonuclei.

scholarly journals The impact of skeletal muscle injury on the expression of Laminin and its role in regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Taghreed Abdul Rasool Ali ◽  
Laith Hekmat Zaki ◽  
May Fadhil Al- Habib
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
P Value ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Injury ◽  
Dynamic Type ◽  
Injury Group ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

Background:Laminins are high-molecular-weight proteins in the extracellular matrix; it is a major component of the basal lamina, influencing cell differentiation, migration, and adhesion. Laminin affects cell growth, besides effects in wound healing and embryonic development.Objective:The present study aims to assess the histological changes taking place during skeletal muscle healing.Methods:The Extensor digitorum longus muscle of 45 male rabbits was set as a skeletal muscle injury model and examined 3&6 weeks after initiation of injury. These animals were divided into three groups control (A) group with no injury, group (B) at 3rdpost-injury week, group (C) at 6th post-injury week. The muscle tissues were prepared and examined histologically using H&E and immunohistochemically using Laminin antibodies. Aperio image scope software is used to analyze immunohistochemical reactivity quantitatively.The degeneration and regeneration process were overlapping with each other both in time and cellular morphological changes. Early myoblast like cell appearance and new myotube formation was recorded during the 3rd week. By the end of the6th-week postoperatively, the muscle histological maturation and muscle fascicles were noticed.Results:Immunohistochemical reactivity of Laminin antibody showed an intense reactivity in the 3rd-week group while a less intense reactivity in the control and 6th-week groups’.A quantitative assessment of Laminin using Aperio soft wear showed that the 3rd-week group has an intensity of 0.724 ± 0.03 pixel, while the 6th week’s group was 0. 321 ± 0.02 pixel and the control groups was 0.293 ± 0.02 pixel. The differences were statistically significant, P-value 0.0001.Conclusion: The process of regeneration is a dynamic type where degeneration andregeneration superimposed each other.

scholarly journals Intrinsic and extrinsic factors collaborate to activate pharyngeal satellite cells without muscle injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunhye Kim ◽  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Fang Wu ◽  
James Allen ◽  
Katherine E. Vest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Homeostasis

AbstractSatellite cells (SCs), adult muscle stem cells in craniofacial muscles proliferate and differentiate/fuse without injury, unlike quiescent SCs in uninjured limb muscle. However, whether intrinsic or extrinsic factors driving their increased basal activity are largely unknown. We compared SCs from the pharynx, which contains constrictor muscles critical for swallowing, to SCs from limb muscle. Pharyngeal SCs are intrinsically more proliferative and contain higher mitochondrial content relative to limb SCs. Pharyngeal SCs occupy less quiescent microenvironments containing collagen V and pharyngeal muscles provide a distinctive SC niche enriched with neighboring resident macrophages and fibroadipogenic progenitors. Loss of SCs impacts pharyngeal myofiber cross-sectional area and the number of neighboring cells, suggesting that SCs are required to maintain pharyngeal muscle homeostasis and its unique niche. Taken together, this study gives new insights to explain the distinctive SC activity of craniofacial muscles, which may explain their unique susceptibility to various muscular dystrophies.

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