scholarly journals Comparative analysis of seed size, germination, and vegetative allocation in annual and herbaceous perennial crops and their wild relatives in Lupinus and Phaseolus (Fabaceae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling A. Herron ◽  
Matthew J. Rubin ◽  
Claudia Ciotir ◽  
Timothy E. Crews ◽  
David L. Van Tassel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

ABSTRACTHerbaceous perennial species are receiving increased attention for their potential to provide both edible products and ecosystem services in agricultural systems. Many legumes (Fabaceae Lindl.) are of special interest due to nitrogen fixation carried out by bacteria in their roots and their production of protein-rich, edible seeds. However, herbaceous perennial legumes have yet to enter widespread use as pulse crops, and the response of wild, herbaceous, perennial species to artificial selection for increased seed yield remains under investigation. Here we compare cultivated and wild accessions of congeneric annual and herbaceous perennial legume species to investigate associations of lifespan and cultivation with seed size, germination, and first year vegetative growth patterns, and to characterize covariation among traits. We use “cultivated” to describe accessions with a history of human planting and use, which encompasses a continuum of domestication. Analyses focused on three annual and eight perennial Lupinus species, and three annual and four perennial Phaseolus species. We found a significant association of both lifespan and cultivation status with seed size (weight, area, length), germination proportion, node number, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass. Wild seed size was greater in annuals for Lupinus and greater for perennials in Phaseolus. Germination was lower in wild perennials than wild annuals in both genera, and vegetative allocation was roughly equivalent across lifespans in wild Phaseolus. Relative to wild forms, both cultivated annual and cultivated perennial accessions exhibited greater seed size, lower germination proportion, and larger overall plant size. Seed size traits were positively correlated with vegetative growth traits, and all biomass traits examined here were positively correlated. This study highlights some basic similarities and differences between annual and herbaceous perennial legumes, and provides insights into how perennial legumes might respond to artificial selection compared to annual species.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Determining the content of nitrogen and some macroelements in the dry mass of perennial leguminous plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Lakić ◽  
Mirjana Žabić ◽  
Tihomir Predić
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The aim of this study was to determine the content of elements N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the dry mass of perennial fodder legumes, mowed in the optimal growth phase. The experiment with perennial legumes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pretense) and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was set up as a random block system in four replicates on valley-brown soil and was conducted for two years. The green mass of perennial legumes in the first and second mowing was harvested at the end of budding/ beginning of flowering phase. In the third and fourth regrowth, mowing of the biomass was done after 5 weeks. Immediately after each mowing, representative sample of green biomass was taken from each replicate of each legume tested. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the dry plant material was determined. The content of nitrogen and potassium in the fodder of alfalfa and red clover was higher in the first year of the study, which was not the case for bird's-foot trefoil. The dry matter of alfalfa on average had the highest content of nitrogen (39.8 g kg-1 DM) and calcium (19.6 g kg-1 DM), bird's-foot trefoil of phosphorus (10.6 g kg-1 DM) and potassium (26.1 g kg-1 DM), and red clover of magnesium (3.7 g kg-1 DM). In the dry mass of bird's-foot trefoil the average content of nitrogen was 39.0 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus 10.6 g kg-1 DM, potassium 26.1 g kg-1 DM, calcium 15.7 g kg-1 DM, and magnesium 3.5 g kg-1 DM.

Controlled-temperature effects on cotton growth and development

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ROUSSOPOULOS ◽  
A. LIAKATAS ◽  
W. J. WHITTINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Fruiting Branch ◽  
Threshold Temperatures

The growth and development of cotton was studied on cotton plants grown in pots in growth rooms under constant day/night temperature (C) and varying temperature regimes throughout the day and/or night (V) The V-treatments had a common mean temperature of 22°C. The objectives were to determine the thermal requirements of three cultivars and to observe the extent of genotype×thermal environment interactions throughout the entire growth period.Vegetative growth was found to be almost exclusively time and temperature dependent, varietal differences being largely insignificant. Plant material was found to accumulate four times faster under the warmest C-regime, which was 7°C warmer than the coolest. The C-treatments caused variation in the number and size of lateral shoots and leaves, causing leaf area to be larger at the squaring stage in cool environments but at maturity in warm regimes. Relatively cool nights lowered the position of the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas warm days shortened flowering intervals and thus promoted earliness. However, the effect of temperature in altering the position of the first floral branch seems to be less important than its effect on the shedding of early squares.The effects of fluctuating temperature (V) on vegetative growth and earliness were similar to those from constant temperature environments. Growth and development rates were low in the low minimum V-regimes, especially when the maximum temperature was also low. Temperature variation affected vegetative growth to a greater extent in the early than in the later stages of development. At squaring, leaf area and dry weight were lowest under the regime with the highest minimum and maximum temperatures. Later on, only leaf area at flowering and total dry weight at maturity significantly differed between treatments. High maximum or minimum temperatures produced effects similar to a higher or lower mean temperature, respectively. The low minimum raised the node number of the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas in the case of boll dry weight it acted in the same way as a further drop in temperature, decreasing the weight, regardless of the maximum temperature. Boll period was affected mainly by the temperature variation itself rather by than the type of variation.The inverse of time to a certain stage and the corresponding mean temperature were linearly related and allowed threshold temperatures (T0) and thermal time requirements to be estimated. T0=12°C, except for the initial stage, when it was lower. A cotton growing season cooler on average by only 1°C will considerably delay maturity.

scholarly journals Potential of Hyperspectral and Thermal Proximal Sensing for Estimating Growth Performance and Yield of Soybean Exposed to Different Drip Irrigation Regimes Under Arid Conditions

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel H. Elmetwalli ◽  
Salah El-Hendawy ◽  
Nasser Al-Suhaibani ◽  
Majed Alotaibi ◽  
Muhammad Usman Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Proximal hyperspectral sensing tools could complement and perhaps replace destructive traditional methods for accurate estimation and monitoring of various morpho-physiological plant indicators. In this study, we assessed the potential of thermal imaging (TI) criteria and spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) to monitor different vegetative growth traits (biomass fresh weight, biomass dry weight, and canopy water mass) and seed yield (SY) of soybean exposed to 100%, 75%, and 50% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). These different plant traits were evaluated and related to TI criteria and SRIs at the beginning bloom (R1) and full seed (R6) growth stages. Results showed that all plant traits, TI criteria, and SRIs presented significant variations (p < 0.05) among irrigation regimes at both growth stages. The performance of TI criteria and SRIs for assessment of vegetative growth traits and SY fluctuated when relationships were analyzed for each irrigation regime or growth stage separately or when the data of both conditions were combined together. TI criteria and SRIs exhibited a moderate to strong relationship with vegetative growth traits when data from different irrigation regimes were pooled together at each growth stage or vice versa. The R6 and R1 growth stages are suitable for assessing SY under full (100% ETc) and severe (50% ETc) irrigation regimes, respectively, using SRIs. The overall results indicate that the usefulness of the TI and SRIs for assessment of growth, yield, and water status of soybean under arid conditions is limited to the growth stage, the irrigation level, and the combination between them.

Physiological and morphological adaptations of herbaceous perennial legumes allow differential access to sources of varyingly soluble phosphate

2014 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayin Pang ◽  
Jiyun Yang ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Kadambot H.M. Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial ◽  
Differential Access

scholarly journals Insights into the Effects of Long-Term Artificial Selection on Seed Size in Maize

Genetics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice N. Hirsch ◽  
Sherry A. Flint-Garcia ◽  
Timothy M. Beissinger ◽  
Steven R. Eichten ◽  
Shweta Deshpande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Artificial Selection

scholarly journals Assessment of growth and productivity of five peanut cultivars and genetic diversity using RAPD markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada M. Samaha ◽  
M. A. Ahmed ◽  
Asmaa R. Abd El-Hameid
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Yield Component Traits

Abstract Background This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of five peanut cultivars grown under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted using five peanut cultivars (Giza-5, Giza-6, Ismailia-1, Gregory, and R92) in a randomized complete block design with five replications during two following seasons to estimate the performance of five peanut cultivars for vegetative growth, yield, and yield component traits as well as seed quality traits. Twenty RAPD primers were used to identify a unique fingerprint for each of five cultivars. Results Giza-6 cultivar surpassed all the tested peanut cultivars in the most vegetative growth traits and yield and its components traits, while the lowest values were observed in Giza-5 cultivar. The dendrogram constructed from RAPD analysis showed that Gregory and Giza-5 were the most distant among five peanut cultivars. Conclusions RAPD markers are useful in the detection of genetic diversity of peanut. The availability of genetic diversity is important for the genetic improvement of peanut.

Decomposition rates of fine roots from three herbaceous perennial species: combined effect of root mixture composition and living plant community

2017 ◽  
Vol 415 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Prieto ◽  
Marine Birouste ◽  
Ezequiel Zamora-Ledezma ◽  
Anaïs Gentit ◽  
Jeanne Goldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Mixture Composition ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Adaptation and potential contribution of temperate perennial legumes to the southern Australian wheatbelt: a review

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
G. A. Moore ◽  
S. J. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial ◽  
Pasture Plants

Deep-rooted perennial pasture plants can play an important role in solving the environmental problems of rising watertables, dryland salinity and soil acidification in the wheatbelt of southern Australia. These problems are attributed to the extensive clearing of perennial native vegetation and its replacement with shallow-rooted winter-growing annual crops and pastures. Deep-rooted, herbaceous perennial legumes, particularly lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), are seen as making an increasing contribution in the cropping zones where high rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and increased water use are high priorities. This paper reviews the current use and the potential of a range of temperate perennial legumes for the wheatbelt of southern Australia. The genera examined include Medicago, Hedysarum, Trifolium, Onobrychis, Lotus, Galega, Astragalus, Lathyrus, Anthyllis, Psoralea, Dorycnium, Lespedeza and Securigera. There is considerable scope to expand the use of lucerne; however, there is also a need for alternative perennial species to increase biodiversity and to fill niches where lucerne is less suited. Based on current knowledge, the species with the most promise to complement lucerne include sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) on alkaline soils, strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) in wet or mildly saline niches and Lotus and Dorycnium spp. on waterlogged and/or acid soils.

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