scholarly journals Mating enhances immune function of Drosophila melanogaster populations against bacterial pathogens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Bansal ◽  
Biswajit Shit ◽  
Aparajita ◽  
Tejashwini Hegde ◽  
Rochishnu Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Darwinian Fitness

AbstractImmunity and reproduction are two important processes that affect fitness of an organisms. Sexual activity has been previously shown to determine the degree to which a population is able to survive various infections. While many studies have demonstrated a trade-off between immune function and reproduction, many studies have found synergistic relation between the two fitness determinants. Besides it is generally hypothesised that sexes may differ in immunity due to relative cost they incur during reproduction with males losing in immunity to rather increase their reproductive success. In this study, we test the effect of immune function on the survival of mated and virgin replicates of a large outbred baseline D. melanogaster population that was infected with four different bacterial infections. We find enhanced survival in mated flies than virgin flies in response to all four bacterial infections across all replicates. While investigating sexual dimorphism in immune function, we find no difference in sexes in their ability to survive the imposed bacterial infections. Synergistic interaction between reproduction and immunity may exist if it improves Darwinian fitness of either sexes of a population under selection, and are not necessarily limited by each other due to trade-off over finite resources.

scholarly journals Female and male genetic contributions to post-mating immune defence in female Drosophila melanogaster

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1700) ◽  
pp. 3649-3657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Short ◽  
Brian P. Lazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Providencia Alcalifaciens ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Evolution Of Immunity

Post-mating reduction in immune defence is common in female insects, and a trade-off between mating and immunity could affect the evolution of immunity. In this work, we tested the capacity of virgin and mated female Drosophila melanogaster to defend against infection by four bacterial pathogens. We found that female D. melanogaster suffer post-mating immunosuppression in a pathogen-dependent manner. The effect of mating was seen after infection with two bacterial pathogens ( Providencia rettgeri and Providencia alcalifaciens ), though not after infection with two other bacteria ( Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ). We then asked whether the evolution of post-mating immunosuppression is primarily a ‘female’ or ‘male’ trait by assaying for genetic variation among females for the degree of post-mating immune suppression they experience and among males for the level of post-mating immunosuppression they elicit in their mates. We also assayed for an interaction between male and female genotypes to test the specific hypothesis that the evolution of a trade-off between mating and immune defence in females might be being driven by sexual conflict. We found that females, but not males, harbour significant genetic variation for post-mating immunosuppression, and we did not detect an interaction between female and male genotypes. We thus conclude that post-mating immune depression is predominantly a ‘female’ trait, and find no evidence that it is evolving under sexual conflict.

scholarly journals Variation in the oxidative burst in response to wounding and bacterial infection among native and invading genotypes of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Kaczowka ◽  
Patricia Lu-Irving ◽  
David A. Baltrus ◽  
Katrina M. Dlugosch
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Trade Off

Invasive plants may leave enemies behind when they colonize a new habitat, allowing selection to favor increased investment in growth and/or reproduction over defensive traits. Previous studies have identified reduced diversity of potential bacterial pathogens and evolutionary increases in growth and reproduction in invading populations of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). This study leverages a recently developed high-throughput assay of immune function to test for evidence of a trade-off between increased growth and defense against bacterial pathogens in yellow starthistle's invasion of California (USA). Seven bacterial strains were cultured from infected leaf tissue in the native range. Healthy leaf tissue from five native European collections and six invading collections were exposed to these native bacterial strains. A standardized assay of peroxidase activity was used measure the oxidative burst immune response to pathogen recognition by the leaf. Immune responses were compared to plant growth within and between ranges to assess evidence for a trade-off. Plant genotypes from the native range demonstrated a higher immune response to bacterial strains than did invading genotypes, consistent with a trade-off with plant growth across regions. The same trade-off was also apparent across genotypes from the native range, but not across genotypes from the invaded range. Our results provide evidence that increased growth in a highly invasive plant species may come at a cost to immune function, consistent with the hypothesis that escape from enemies can provide opportunities for shifts in resource allocation that favor the proliferation of non-native species.

scholarly journals SEXUAL ACTIVITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER MALES

Hereditas ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
ÖISTEIN STRÖMNAES ◽  
INGERID KVELLAND
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Activity

scholarly journals Repeated stress exposure results in a survival–reproduction trade-off in Drosophila melanogaster

2009 ◽  
Vol 277 (1683) ◽  
pp. 963-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie E. Marshall ◽  
Brent J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Future Reproduction

While insect cold tolerance has been well studied, the vast majority of work has focused on the effects of a single cold exposure. However, many abiotic environmental stresses, including temperature, fluctuate within an organism's lifespan. Given that organisms may trade-off survival at the cost of future reproduction, we investigated the effects of multiple cold exposures on survival and fertility in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster . We found that multiple cold exposures significantly decreased mortality compared with the same length of exposure in a single sustained bout, but significantly decreased fecundity (as measured by r , the intrinsic rate of increase) as well, owing to a shift in sex ratio. This change was reflected in a long-term decrease in glycogen stores in multiply exposed flies, while a brief effect on triglyceride stores was observed, suggesting flies are reallocating energy stores. Given that many environments are not static, this trade-off indicates that investigating the effects of repeated stress exposure is important for understanding and predicting physiological responses in the wild.

scholarly journals Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Au@MoS₂–PANI for Escherichia coli Detection

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Pushap Raj ◽  
Man Hwan Oh ◽  
Kyudong Han ◽  
Tae Yoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Covalent Immobilization ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Self Assembled Monolayer ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Linear Detection

Bacterial infections have become a significant challenge in terms of public health, the food industry, and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to address these challenges by developing a rapid, cost-effective, and easy-to-use biosensor for early diagnosis of bacterial pathogens. Herein, we developed a simple, label-free, and highly sensitive immunosensor based on electrochemical detection using the Au@MoS₂–PANI nanocomposite. The conductivity of the glassy carbon electrode is greatly enhanced using the Au@MoS₂–PANI nanocomposite and a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptopropionic acid on the gold nanoparticle surface was employed for the covalent immobilization of antibodies to minimize the nonspecific adsorption of bacterial pathogens on the electrode surface. The biosensor established a high selectivity and sensitivity with a low limit of detection of 10 CFU/mL, and detected Escherichia coli within 30 min. Moreover, the developed biosensor demonstrated a good linear detection range, practical utility in urine samples, and electrode regenerative studies.

scholarly journals Safe sex: male–female coalitions and pre-copulatory mate-guarding in a fiddler crab

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. C. Milner ◽  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Patricia R. Y. Backwell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Boundary Maintenance ◽  
Uca Annulipes ◽  
Males And Females

In fiddler crabs both males and females defend territories that are essential for survival. Given pronounced sexual dimorphism in weaponry, how do weaponless females defend their territory from well-armed males? Using observational data and two simple experiments, we test whether male Uca annulipes protect their female neighbours from conspecific intruders. We show that males defend their female neighbours against male but not female intruders. We also show that females sometimes mate with their immediate neighbours. Male defence of female neighbours appears to represent both pre-copulatory mate-guarding and a territorial coalition. Males who ensure that their neighbour remains female could benefit through increased opportunity for future reproductive success and lower boundary maintenance costs.

scholarly journals Genetics of Differences in Pheromonal Hydrocarbons Between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hydrocarbon Profile ◽  
The Right

Abstract Females of Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species D. simulans have very different cuticular hydrocarbons, with the former bearing predominantly 7,11-heptacosadiene and the latter 7-tricosene. This difference contributes to reproductive isolation between the species. Genetic analysis shows that this difference maps to only the third chromosome, with the other three chromosomes having no apparent effect. The D. simulans alleles on the left arm of chromosome 3 are largely recessive, allowing us to search for the relevant regions using D. melanogaster deficiencies. At least four nonoverlapping regions of this arm have large effects on the hydrocarbon profile, implying that several genes on this arm are responsible for the species difference. Because the right arm of chromosome 3 also affects the hydrocarbon profile, a minimum of five genes appear to be involved. The large effect of the third chromosome on hydrocarbons has also been reported in the hybridization between D. simulans and its closer relative D. sechellia, implying either an evolutionaly convergence or the retention in D. sechllia of an ancestral sexual dimorphism.

scholarly journals Absence of reproduction-immunity trade-off in male Drosophila melanogaster evolving under differential sexual selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Ali Syed ◽  
Vanika Gupta ◽  
Manas Geeta Arun ◽  
Aatashi Dhiman ◽  
Bodhisatta Nandy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Trade Off

scholarly journals Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽  
Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽  
Tanja Becker ◽  
Husni Elbahesh ◽  
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

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