scholarly journals Stimulus blanking reveals transsaccadic feature transfer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Grzeczkowski ◽  
Heiner Deubel ◽  
Martin Szinte
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Orientation Task ◽  
Visual Projection ◽  
Static Images

AbstractAcross saccadic eye movements, the visual system receives two successive static images corresponding to the pre- and the postsaccadic projections of the visual field on the retina. The existence of a mechanism integrating the content of these images is today still a matter of debate. Here, we studied the transfer of a visual feature across saccades using a blanking paradigm. Participants moved their eyes to a peripheral grating and discriminated a change in its orientation occurring during the eye movement. The grating was either constantly on the screen or briefly blanked during and after the saccade. Moreover, it either was of the same luminance as the background (i.e., isoluminant) or anisoluminant with respect to it. We found that for anisoluminant grating, the orientation discrimination across saccade was improved when a blank followed the onset of the eye movement. Such effect was however abolished with isoluminant grating. Additionally, performance was also improved when an anisoluminant grating presented before the saccade was followed by an isoluminant one. These results demonstrate that a detailed representation of the presaccadic image was transferred across saccades allowing participants to perform better on the trans-saccadic orientation task. While such a transfer of visual orientation across saccade is masked in real-life anisoluminant conditions, the use of a blank and of isoluminant postsaccadic grating allowed here to reveal its existence.Significance statementStatic objects are perceived as not moving across eye movements despite their visual projection shifts on our retina. To compensate for such shifts and create a continuous perception of space, our brain may keep track of objects’ visual features across our movements. We found that shortly blanking a contrast-defined object during and after saccades allows to recover a detailed representation of its orientation. We propose that the transfer of visual content across saccades revealed with the use of a simple blank plays an important role in ensuring our continuous and stable perception of the world.

scholarly journals Stimulus blanking reveals contrast-dependent transsaccadic feature transfer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Grzeczkowski ◽  
Heiner Deubel ◽  
Martin Szinte
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Visual Feature ◽  
Orientation Task ◽  
Static Images

Abstract Across saccadic eye movements, the visual system receives two successive static images corresponding to the pre- and the postsaccadic projections of the visual field on the retina. The existence of a mechanism integrating the content of these images is today still a matter of debate. Here, we studied the transfer of a visual feature across saccades using a blanking paradigm. Participants moved their eyes to a peripheral grating and discriminated a change in its orientation occurring during the eye movement. The grating was either constantly on the screen or briefly blanked during and after the saccade. Moreover, it either was of the same luminance as the background (i.e., isoluminant) or anisoluminant with respect to it. We found that for anisoluminant gratings, the orientation discrimination across saccades was improved when a blank followed the onset of the eye movement. Such effect was however abolished with isoluminant gratings. Additionally, performance was also improved when an anisoluminant grating presented before the saccade was followed by an isoluminant one. These results demonstrate that a detailed representation of the presaccadic image was transferred across saccades allowing participants to perform better on the transsaccadic orientation task. While such a transfer of visual orientation across saccade is masked in real-life anisoluminant conditions, the use of a blank and of an isoluminant postsaccadic grating allowed to reveal its existence.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Phantom array and stroboscopic effects of a time-modulated moving light source during saccadic eye movement

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-S Lee ◽  
J-H Lee ◽  
H Pak ◽  
SW Park ◽  
D-W Song
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Modulated Light ◽  
Source Motion

This paper evaluates the detectability of the phantom array and stroboscopic effects during light source motion, eye movement and their combination, using time modulated light-emitting diode light sources. It is well known that the phantom array can be observed when time-modulated light sources are observed during saccadic eye movements. We investigated whether light source motion can cause similar effects when the subject has fixed eyes. In addition, we estimated the detectability threshold frequency for the combination of stroboscopic effect and the phantom array, which is named the stroboscopic-phantom array effect, during two eye movements in opposite directions under one directional rotating light source with variable speed. Our results indicate that one of the most important factors for the stroboscopic-phantom array effect is eye movement speed relative to the speed of the light source. Therefore, time-modulated moving light sources induce a stroboscopic effect in subjects with fixed eyes that is similar to the stroboscopic-phantom array effect observed during saccadic eye movement. Our findings are likely to be useful for predicting the stroboscopic effect and the stroboscopic-phantom array effect during the fast motion of time-modulated LED light sources, like multi-functional rear lamps, in automotive lighting applications.

Saccadic Eye Movements and Dual-Task Interference

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Pashler ◽  
Mark Carrier ◽  
James Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Task Interference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Colour Patch ◽  
Dual Task Interference ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Four dual-task experiments required a speeded manual choice response to a tone in a close temporal proximity to a saccadic eye movement task. In Experiment 1, subjects made a saccade towards a single transient; in Experiment 2, a red and a green colour patch were presented to left and right, and the saccade was to which ever patch was the pre-specified target colour. There was some slowing of the eye movement, but neither task combination showed typical dual-task interference (the “psychological refractory effect”). However, more interference was observed when the direction of the saccade depended on whether a central colour patch was red or green, or when the saccade was directed towards the numerically higher of two large digits presented to the left and the right. Experiment 5 examined a vocal second task, for comparison. The findings might reflect the fact that eye movements can be directed by two separate brain systems–-the superior colliculus and the frontal eye fields; commands from the latter but not the former may be delayed by simultaneous unrelated sensorimotor tasks.

Visual Fatigue and Saccadic Eye Movement Parameters

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Megaw ◽  
Tayyar Sen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Movement Parameters

It has been suggested by Bahill and Stark (1975) that visual fatigue can be identified by changes in some of the saccadic eye movement parameters. These include increases in the frequency of occurrence of glissades and overlapping saccades and reductions in the peak velocity and duration of saccades. In their study, fatigue was induced by the same step tracking task that was used to evaluate the changes in saccadic parameters. However, there is evidence that subjects experience extreme feelings of fatigue while performing such a task and that somehow the task is unnatural. The present study was designed to assess whether there are any differences in the various saccadic parameters obtained while subjects perform a step tracking task and a cognitive task involving the comparison of number strings. Both tasks were presented on a VDU screen. The second objective was to establish whether there are any changes in the parameters for either task as a result of prolonged performance. The results showed no major differences in the saccadic eye movements between the two tasks and no consistent changes resulting from prolonged performance.

scholarly journals Time course of spatiotopic updating across saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper H. Fabius ◽  
Alessio Fracasso ◽  
Tanja C. W. Nijboer ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Brain

Humans move their eyes several times per second, yet we perceive the outside world as continuous despite the sudden disruptions created by each eye movement. To date, the mechanism that the brain employs to achieve visual continuity across eye movements remains unclear. While it has been proposed that the oculomotor system quickly updates and informs the visual system about the upcoming eye movement, behavioral studies investigating the time course of this updating suggest the involvement of a slow mechanism, estimated to take more than 500 ms to operate effectively. This is a surprisingly slow estimate, because both the visual system and the oculomotor system process information faster. If spatiotopic updating is indeed this slow, it cannot contribute to perceptual continuity, because it is outside the temporal regime of typical oculomotor behavior. Here, we argue that the behavioral paradigms that have been used previously are suboptimal to measure the speed of spatiotopic updating. In this study, we used a fast gaze-contingent paradigm, using high phi as a continuous stimulus across eye movements. We observed fast spatiotopic updating within 150 ms after stimulus onset. The results suggest the involvement of a fast updating mechanism that predictively influences visual perception after an eye movement. The temporal characteristics of this mechanism are compatible with the rate at which saccadic eye movements are typically observed in natural viewing.

Organization of monkey superior colliculus: intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Mohler ◽  
R. H. Wurtz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Intermediate Layer ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Dorsal Edge

1. We investigated the characteristics of cells in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus that increase their rate of discharge before saccadic eye movements. Eye movements were repeatedly elicited by training rhesus monkeys to fixate on a spot of light and to make saccades to other spots of light when the fixation spot was turned off. 2. The eye movement cells showed consistent variations with their depth within the colliculus. The onset of the cell discharge led the eye movement by less time and the duration of the discharge was shorter as the cell was located closer to the dorsal edge of the intermediate layers. The movements fields (that area of the visual field where a saccade into the area is preceded by a burst of cell discharges) of each successive cell also became smaller as the cells were located more dorsally. The profile of peak discharge frequency remained fairly flat throughout the movement field of the cells regardless of depth of the cell within the colliculus. 3. A new type of eye movement-related cell has been found which usually lies at the border between the superficial and intermediate layers. This cell type, the visually triggered movement cell, increased its rate of discharge before saccades made to a visual stimulus but not before spontaneous saccades of equal amplitude made in the light or the dark. A vigorous discharge of these cells before an eye movement was dependent on the presence of a visual target; the cells seemed to combine the visual input of superficial layer cells and the movement-related input of the intermediate layer cells. The size of the movement fields of these cells were about the same size as the visual fields of superficial layer cells just above them...

Effects of Antisocial Personality, Cocaine and Opioid Dependence, and Gender on Eye Movement Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Ceballos ◽  
Lance O. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Cocaine Dependence ◽  
Opiate Dependence ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement

Substance-dependent patients have been reported to exhibit abnormal smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. However, contrasts of the effects of different substances and the effects of comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as antisocial personality have rarely been performed. Separate analyses examined the effects of cocaine dependence, opioid dependence, or antisocial personality disorder. In each analysis, sex was included as an additional grouping factor. The dependent measures were the gain of smooth pursuit eye movement and the delay and accuracy of saccadic eye movement. Analyses of covariance indicated that both cocaine dependence and antisocial personality, but not opiate dependence, were associated with a significant reduction in gain of smooth pursuit eye movement. Cocaine dependence and antisocial personality also slowed the onset of saccadic eye movements, but only in men. No group differences were found in the accuracy of saccadic eye movements. The results suggest that the neurophysiological effects of cocaine dependence and antisocial personality overshadow the effects of heroin. The significance of these findings for visual attention and reading skill has yet to be assessed.

scholarly journals Eye-Movement does not reduce ratings of vividness and emotionality or the number of intrusive thoughts of unpleasant memories: Implications for Eye-Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nicholas Arnott-Steel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Traumatic Memories

<p>Eye-Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy that incorporates the use of saccadic Eye-Movements (EM) to alleviate distress caused by traumatic memories. Although EMDR is recognised as a front-line treatment for individuals suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the EM component remain a point of contention. The aim of the current research was to investigate first, whether EM reduced ratings of memory vividness and emotionality by taxing Working Memory (WM) capacity, and second, to examine whether EM lowered the number of intrusive thoughts under two opposing suppression conditions. In two experiments, 244 non-clinical participants were asked to recall an unpleasant memory while simultaneously engaging in fast-EM, slow-EM or a no-EM control. Participants then received an instruction to intentionally avoid thinking about the memory, or to think about whatever came to mind. Relative to no-EM, fast-EM and slow-EM had no significant effect on vividness and emotionality ratings, nor did they influence the number of intrusive thoughts. In addition, the level of suppression intent had no impact on memory outcomes. Overall, the results from these two experiments oppose earlier findings in support of WM theory, and a significant body of research that has demonstrated the efficacy of the EM component. Implications for the EM component in EMDR are discussed, and an alternative explanation for EM is offered.</p>

scholarly journals Saccadic Eye Movements as a Marker of Mental Disorders

2016 ◽  
pp. S365-S371 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. JAGLA
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Analytical Processing ◽  
Short Comment ◽  
The Brain

It is accepted that the formulation of the motor program in the brain is not only the perceptual and motor function but also the cognitive one. Therefore it is not surprising that the execution of saccadic eye movements can by substantially affected be the on-going mental activity of a given person. Not only the distribution of attention, but also the focusing the attention may influence the main gain of saccades, their accuracy. Patients suffering from mental disorders have strongly engaged their attention focused at their mental processes. The nature of their problems may be linked to perceptual and/or analytical processing. Such so-called mental set may significantly affect their oculomotor activity in the course of their saccadic eye movement examinations. This short comment points out not only to the influence of the contextually guided and generated saccadic eye movements upon their accuracy but also to the distribution and focusing the attention. The effect of the functional brain asymmetry upon the visually generated saccades and the possible effect of biologically active substances upon the voluntary generated saccades are briefly mentioned. All these influences should be taken into account when planning the saccadic eye movement task. It may be concluded that the repetition of the same oculomotor task in a given person has to be introduced. This may help to follow the effect of complex therapy namely.

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