scholarly journals Nervous System and Tissue Polarity Dynamically Adapt to New Morphologies in Planaria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Bischof ◽  
Margot E. Day ◽  
Kelsie A. Miller ◽  
Joshua LaPalme ◽  
Michael Levin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Polarity ◽  
Intact Brain ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Axis

AbstractThe coordination of tissue-level polarity with organism-level polarity is crucial in development, disease, and regeneration. Exploiting the flexibility of the body plan in regenerating planarians, we used mirror duplication of the primary axis to show how established tissue-level polarity adapts to new organism-level polarity. Tracking of cilia-driven flow to characterize planar cell polarity of the epithelium revealed a remarkable reorientation of tissue polarity in double-headed planarians. This reorientation is driven by signals produced by the intact brain and is not hampered by radiation-induced removal of stem cells. The nervous system itself adapts its polarity to match the new organismal anatomy in these animals as revealed by distinct regenerative outcomes driven by polarized nerve transport. Thus, signals from the central nervous system can dynamically control and re-orient tissue-level polarity to match the organism-level anatomical configuration, illustrating a novel role of the nervous system in the regulation of patterning.

scholarly journals NGF, Brain and Behavioral Plasticity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Berry ◽  
Erika Bindocci ◽  
Enrico Alleva
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Factor ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Psychosocial Stressor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) was initially studied for its role as a key player in the regulation of peripheral innervations. However, the successive finding of its release in the bloodstream of male mice following aggressive encounters and its presence in the central nervous system led to the hypothesis that variations in brain NGF levels, caused by psychosocial stressor, and the related alterations in emotionality, could be functional to the development of proper strategies to cope with the stressor itself and thus to survive. Years later this vision is still relevant, and the body of evidence on the role of NGF has been strengthened and expanded from trophic factor playing a role in brain growth and differentiation to a much more complex messenger, involved in psychoneuroendocrine plasticity.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocyte Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Rosko ◽  
Victoria N. Smith ◽  
Reiji Yamazaki ◽  
Jeffrey K. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The human brain weighs approximately 2% of the body; however, it consumes about 20% of a person’s total energy intake. Cellular bioenergetics in the central nervous system involves a delicate balance between biochemical processes engaged in energy conversion and those responsible for respiration. Neurons have high energy demands, which rely on metabolic coupling with glia, such as with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. It has been well established that astrocytes recycle and transport glutamine to neurons to make the essential neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, as well as shuttle lactate to support energy synthesis in neurons. However, the metabolic role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is less clear. In this review, we discuss the energetic demands of oligodendrocytes in their survival and maturation, the impact of altered oligodendrocyte energetics on disease pathology, and the role of energetic metabolites, taurine, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and biotin, in regulating oligodendrocyte function.

scholarly journals Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regenerative Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashad Hussain ◽  
Hira Zubair ◽  
Sarah Pursell ◽  
Muhammad Shahab
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Therapeutic ◽  
Removal System

Regeneration refers to regrowth of tissue in the central nervous system. It includes generation of new neurons, glia, myelin, and synapses, as well as the regaining of essential functions: sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive abilities. Unfortunately, regeneration within the nervous system is very slow compared to other body systems. This relative slowness is attributed to increased vulnerability to irreversible cellular insults and the loss of function due to the very long lifespan of neurons, the stretch of cells and cytoplasm over several dozens of inches throughout the body, insufficiency of the tissue-level waste removal system, and minimal neural cell proliferation/self-renewal capacity. In this context, the current review summarized the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders; their causes and consequences and proposed novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals The role of serotonin and diet in the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushi Bruta ◽  
Vanshika ◽  
Kishnoor Bhasin ◽  
Bhawana
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Regulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Indian Diet

AbstractSerotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- a neurotransmitter of both the Enteric Nervous System and the Central Nervous System is synthesized by the hydroxylation of L- tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan.Serotonin has been associated with gut functions like assimilation and absorption, alongside the regulation of particle transport and fluid discharge in the gastrointestinal tract and its deficiency is found to be a prominent factor in the prevalence of gut disorders like Irritable Bowel Syndrome.For this review, we assessed the conventional treatment methods of common drugs, with the recently accredited treatment options like dietary regulation, exercise, meditation, and acupuncture. Having found that the most commonly used drugs exhibited various side effects like nausea, fatigue, rash, and dizziness, an in-depth evaluation of different Indian dietary patterns and their respective effects on tryptophan levels has been highlighted to formulate an ideal diet for patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). This review seeks to explore the numerous studies conducted to link IBS with the lack of serotonin production in the body, alongside exploring the evidence associating certain foods with raised tryptophan levels to hypothesize a suitable Indian diet.This review, in its essence, stresses the crucial need for further research on the dietary implications of common Indian foods and their FODMAP (Fermented Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, And Polyols) contents, while underscoring the benefits of using unconventional and natural methods for the treatment of tryptophan-related gut disorders.

The role of exogenous heart-RNA in development of the chick embryo cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M. C. Niu ◽  
L. Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Formation

The physiological effect of fresh calf heart-RNA was studied on the explanted chick blastoderm at the definitive streak stage. It was found that heart-RNA interferes with normal development of the central nervous system, especially forebrain, and of the body axis, but not with normal development of the heart. To analyse this effect further, the untreated and RNA-treated fragments of the antero-lateral blastoderm were investigated by intrablastodermal transplant and in vitro. Approximately 50% of the treated grafts transplanted intrablastodermally developed into heart, but none of the controls. In vitro formation of the heart-like structure was found in 45% of the heart-RNA-treated series as opposed to 20% of the PC saline controls and none of the liver-RNA series. When theexplants of the presumptive forebrain were treated with heart-RNA and cultured in isolation in vitro, 11% developed into brain vesicle compared with 76% of the controls. It appears, therefore, that heart-RNA has somehow collaborated with the macromolecules responsible for heart formation but interfered with those responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Integral health improvement system for adolescent patients with paroxysmal conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
K G. Ganeev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Many Body Systems

The development of pathological mechanisms of paroxysmal states of epileptic and non-epileptic nature of the pubertal period was studied. A systematic approach to identifying the interest of many body systems that provide homeostasis (mental, autonomic, immune) revealed their inconsistency. Taking into account the dominant role of the central nervous system in the implementation of adaptive, adaptive functions of the body, the formation of a paroxysmal state (PS) is considered as one of the manifestations of central nervous system dysadaptation in the period of hormonal imbalance.

scholarly journals The role of MRI in the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Natalia Leksa ◽  
◽  
David Aebisher ◽  
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
The Body ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has modified the practice of radiology. MRI is base on safe interaction between radiowaves at a particular frequency and hydrogen nuclei in the body. Metabolic encephalophaties are by definition those disorder of the central nervous system that are not due primarily to structural abnormalities. Aim. Here we present the 1H MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) method applied to diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system. Material and methods. Analysis of literature and self-research. Results.We have discussed the major MRI applications in the characteristic of the central nervous system. The relationship beteen the motion of flowing blood and the representation of the blood on images is complex. This work is an introduction to the basic ideas and techniques of fMRI. Therefore, both, 1H MRI and functional MRI, methods are ued in neuroscience. Conclusion. Nonivasive MRI and functional MRI are daily diagnostics methods in neurology.

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