Abstract
Background.
Treatment-free remission (TFR) has become a new treatment goal for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. However, usually abrupt tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) therapy discontinuation has been successful only in about half of eligible patients and it can cause burdening TKI withdrawal syndrome (TWS) in about 30% of them. Moreover, any robust clinical or biological factor predictive for successful TFR has not been identified yet. On top of that, sustainable deep molecular response (DMR) as the main prerequisite for TKI discontinuation attempt is achieved only in 20-40% of patients. The majority of CML patients, therefore, need to be treated with the effective and well-tolerated drug for a long time or even life-long.
Study design and methods.
With the recognition of all these aspects, we designed a nationwide prospective investigator-initiated phase II clinical trial HALF (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04147533) in order to evaluate efficacy and safety of TKI discontinuation after previous two-step dose reduction in patients with CML in DMR (Fig. 1). Step-wise TKI dose reduction, i.e. half of the standard during the first 6 months after study entry, and the same dose given alternatively (every other day) during the next 6 months, was derived from pharmacokinetics and experimental data as well as from clinical trials' results. We assume that the step-wise and eventually meaningful TKI dose reduction enables a higher rate of patients achieving successful TFR with less pronounce TWS, or even would represent a more reasonable and safer alternative to the complete and sudden TKI interruption. This unique nationwide academic project has been facilitated by hematological patients care centralization in the Czech Republic.
A primary study objective is to evaluate the proportion of patients in major molecular response (MMR) at 6 and 12 months and in TFR at 18, 24, and 36 months after the study enrollment, respectively, and molecular recurrence-free survival at all mentioned time points as well. Main secondary and exploratory objectives are: to evaluate the proportion of patients loosing MMR and in whom MMR and MR4.0 would be re-achieved after TKI re-introduction, time to MMR and MR4.0 re-achievement, FFS, PFS, OS, TWS, and QoL assessment, predictive factors for successful TFR identification, quantification of BCR-ABL1 using digital droplet PCR at both the DNA and mRNA levels, immunological profiling, BCR-ABL1 kinetics mathematical modeling, assessment of TKI pharmacokinetics, clonal hematopoiesis and pharmaco-economics.
Results.
The study was launched in December 2019; however, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, patients' recruitment started on June 16, 2020. Here, characteristics of the first 74 patients included in the study until April 2021 are presented. There were 37 males and 37 females, with median age at the time of diagnosis of 53 years (range, 23-74) and at the time of the study entry of 67 years (range, 35-86). A median time of CML disease, TKI treatment, and DMR duration before the study initiation was as follows: 9.9 years (range, 4.4-22.5), 9.8 years (range, 4.2-20.2), and 7.3 years (range, 3.2-18.3), respectively. The ELTS score was low, intermediate, high and unknown in 62.2%, 21.6%, 13.5%, and 2.7% of patients, respectively. At the time of study entry, 58 patients (79.5%) were treated with imatinib, 10 (13.7%) with nilotinib, and 5 (6.8%) with dasatinib, respectively, whereas in 63 patients (86.3%) it was in the first line of therapy. With almost half of patients (48.6%), the TKI dose was already reduced at the time of study entry. With 10 (13.5%) patients, interferon-α treatment preceded TKI administration. At the time of this abstract preparation, on July 26, 2021, altogether 102 patients (from planned 150) have been enrolled in the study; 48 of them (47.1%) have already moved to the second de-escalation phase and 9 (8.8%) patients to the TFR phase. There were 2 cases of confirmed MMR loss (both in month 8 after the study entry) and no patient experienced symptoms resembling TWS.
Conclusions.
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the HALF study was successfully launched and initiated in the majority of centers, with 102 already included patients and continuing intensive enrolment. Based on our very preliminary results, the step-wise dose reduction seems to be an effective and safe approach. More included patients, longer follow-up and further analyses are needed in order to reach all set up objectives.
Figure 1 Figure 1.
Disclosures
Žácková: Angelini: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Faber: Angelini: Consultancy, Other: conference fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Other: conference fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Other: conference fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Other: conference fees; TERUMO: Other: conference fees. Bělohlávková: Novartis: Consultancy; BMS/Celgene: Consultancy. Horňák: Angelini: Honoraria. Svobodník: Roche: Speakers Bureau; Janssen-Cilag: Speakers Bureau. Machová Poláková: Incyte: Consultancy; Angelini: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding. Mayer: Principia: Research Funding.
Evidence of massive leukemic progenitor expansion in blood during molecular recurrence after TKI discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)