scholarly journals Perceptual Invariance of Words and Other Learned Sounds in Non-human Primates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Melchor ◽  
Isaac Morán ◽  
Tonatiuh Figueroa ◽  
Luis Lemus
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Perceptual Constancy ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
Perceptual Invariance

AbstractThe ability to invariably identify spoken words and other naturalistic sounds in different temporal modulations and timbres requires perceptual tolerance to numerous acoustic variations. However, the mechanisms by which auditory information is perceived to be invariant are poorly understood, and no study has explicitly tested the perceptual constancy skills of nonhuman primates. We investigated the ability of two trained rhesus monkeys to learn and then recognize multiple sounds that included multisyllabic words. Importantly, we tested their ability to group unexperienced sounds into corresponding categories. We found that the monkeys adequately categorized sounds whose formants were at close Euclidean distance to the learned sounds. Our results indicate that macaques can attend and memorize complex sounds such as words. This ability was not studied or reported before and can be used to study the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory perception.

Cell and Molecular Biological Challenges of ICSI: ART before Science?

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Schatten ◽  
Laura Hewitson ◽  
Calvin Simerly ◽  
Peter Sutovsky ◽  
Gabor Huszar
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The general perception of how innovative assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are introduced is through a carefully controlled series of experiments in an animal model, such as the mouse. Only after the technique has been proven can one consider confirmatory studies on mammals closely related to humans, such as rhesus monkeys or other nonhuman primates. With this background of a peer-reviewed body of well-established published data, there is sufficient foundation and rationale to propose a clinical investigation to a responsible human subjects institutional review board (IRB). IRBs weigh the benefits and risks of the new methods to human subjects, and then consider the appropriate informed consent procedures for the particular case. Only after a large number of clinical studies are performed at multiple sites and are peer reviewed can the efficacy and safety of the innovative approach be clearly evaluated. At that time, the potential therapy can be responsibly offered to suitable beneficiaries.

scholarly journals Training Level Does Not Affect Auditory Perception of The Magnitude of Ball Spin in Table Tennis

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. R. Santos ◽  
Roberto N. Barbosa ◽  
Luiz H. P. Vieira ◽  
Paulo R. P. Santiago ◽  
Alessandro M. Zagatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Training Level ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Fast Spin ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIdentifying the trajectory and spin of the ball with speed and accuracy is critical for good performance in table tennis. The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of table tennis players presenting different levels of training/experience to identify the magnitude of the ball spin from the sound produced when the racket hit the ball. Four types of “forehand” contact sounds were collected in the laboratory, defined as: Fast Spin (spinning ball forward at 140 r/s); Medium Spin (105 r/s); Slow Spin (84 r/s); and Flat Hit (less than 60 r/s). Thirty-four table tennis players of both sexes (24 men and 10 women) aged 18-40 years listened to the sounds and tried to identify the magnitude of the ball spin. The results revealed that in 50.9% of the cases the table tennis players were able to identify the ball spin and the observed number of correct answers (10.2) was significantly higher (χ2 = 270.4, p <0.05) than the number of correct answers that could occur by chance. On the other hand, the results did not show any relationship between the level of training/experience and auditory perception of the ball spin. This indicates that auditory information contributes to identification of the magnitude of the ball spin, however, it also reveals that, in table tennis, the level of training does not interfere with the auditory perception of the ball spin.

scholarly journals A neuronal reward inequity signal in primate striatum

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymundo Báez-Mendoza ◽  
Charlotte R. van Coeverden ◽  
Wolfram Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Sensitivity ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Primates are social animals, and their survival depends on social interactions with others. Especially important for social interactions and welfare is the observation of rewards obtained by other individuals and the comparison with own reward. The fundamental social decision variable for the comparison process is reward inequity, defined by an asymmetric reward distribution among individuals. An important brain structure for coding reward inequity may be the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia involved in goal-directed behavior. Two rhesus monkeys were seated opposite each other and contacted a touch-sensitive table placed between them to obtain specific magnitudes of reward that were equally or unequally distributed among them. Response times in one of the animals demonstrated differential behavioral sensitivity to reward inequity. A group of neurons in the striatum showed distinct signals reflecting disadvantageous and advantageous reward inequity. These neuronal signals occurred irrespective of, or in conjunction with, own reward coding. These data demonstrate that striatal neurons of macaque monkeys sense the differences between other's and own reward. The neuronal activities are likely to contribute crucial reward information to neuronal mechanisms involved in social interactions.

scholarly journals Salmon calcitonin reduces food intake through changes in meal sizes in male rhesus monkeys

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. R76-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Bello ◽  
Matthew H. Kemm ◽  
Timothy H. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Salmon Calcitonin ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Male Rhesus

Amylinergic mechanisms are believed to be involved in the control of appetite. This study examined the effects of the amylin agonist, salmon calcitonin, on food intake and meal patterns in adult male rhesus monkeys. Fifteen minutes before the onset of their 6-h daily feeding period, monkeys received intramuscular injections of various doses of salmon calcitonin (0.032, 0.056, 0.1, 0.32, and 1 μg/kg) or saline. Salmon calcitonin dose dependently reduced total daily and hourly food intake, with significant decreases at the 0.1, 0.32, and 1 μg/kg doses. Daily food intake was reduced by ∼35%, 62%, and 96%, at these doses, respectively. An analysis of meal patterns revealed that size of the first meal was significantly reduced across the dose range of 0.056 to 1 μg/kg, while average meal size was reduced with the 0.32 and 1 μg/kg doses. Meal number was only affected at the 1 μg/kg dose. Repeated 5-day administration of the 0.1 μg/kg dose resulted in a reduction in daily food intake only on injection day 2, while significant reductions in food intake were observed on all five injection days with a 0.32 μg/kg dose. Daily food intake was also reduced for 1 day after the termination of the 5-day injections of the 0.32 μg/kg salmon calcitonin dose. These sustained reductions in intake were expressed through decreases in meal size. These data demonstrate that salmon calcitonin acutely and consistently decreases food intake mainly through reductions in meal sizes in nonhuman primates.

scholarly journals Decoding Speech and Music Stimuli from the Frequency Following Response

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Losorelli ◽  
Blair Kaneshiro ◽  
Gabriella A. Musacchia ◽  
Nikolas H. Blevins ◽  
Matthew B. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Different Response

AbstractThe ability to differentiate complex sounds is essential for communication. Here, we propose using a machine-learning approach, called classification, to objectively evaluate auditory perception. In this study, we recorded frequency following responses (FFRs) from 13 normal-hearing adult participants to six short music and speech stimuli sharing similar fundamental frequencies but varying in overall spectral and temporal characteristics. Each participant completed a perceptual identification test using the same stimuli. We used linear discriminant analysis to classify FFRs. Results showed statistically significant FFR classification accuracies using both the full response epoch in the time domain (72.3% accuracy, p < 0.001) as well as real and imaginary Fourier coefficients up to 1 kHz (74.6%, p < 0.001). We classified decomposed versions of the responses in order to examine which response features contributed to successful decoding. Classifier accuracies using Fourier magnitude and phase alone in the same frequency range were lower but still significant (58.2% and 41.3% respectively, p < 0.001). Classification of overlapping 20-msec subsets of the FFR in the time domain similarly produced reduced but significant accuracies (42.3%–62.8%, p < 0.001). Participants’ mean perceptual responses were most accurate (90.6%, p < 0.001). Confusion matrices from FFR classifications and perceptual responses were converted to distance matrices and visualized as dendrograms. FFR classifications and perceptual responses demonstrate similar patterns of confusion across the stimuli. Our results demonstrate that classification can differentiate auditory stimuli from FFR responses with high accuracy. Moreover, the reduced accuracies obtained when the FFR is decomposed in the time and frequency domains suggest that different response features contribute complementary information, similar to how the human auditory system is thought to rely on both timing and frequency information to accurately process sound. Taken together, these results suggest that FFR classification is a promising approach for objective assessment of auditory perception.

scholarly journals Segmental volume and circulatory changes that occur in humans and Rhesus monkeys during 4 hour, −6 degree head down tilt

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Leslie David Montgomery ◽  
Clarence Oloff
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Impedance Plethysmography ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Identical Test ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Abstract Nonhuman primates are often used to investigate physiologic processes that occur in man during aerospace/cardiovascular orthostatic research. Few studies have compared nonhuman primates and man under identical test conditions to assess the degree of similarity between the two species. Impedance plethysmography was used to measure calf, thigh, pelvic, thoracic, upper arm, and lower arm volume changes in eight rhesus (Macacca Mulatta) monkeys and twelve human subjects during four hour exposures to −6 degree head down tilt (HDT).

scholarly journals Segmental volume changes that occur in nonhuman primates during short term head up (HUT) and head down (HDT) tilt

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Leslie David Montgomery ◽  
Clarence Oloff
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Impedance Plethysmography ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Orthostatic Test ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Made In

AbstractNonhuman primates are often used in biomedical research and to investigate physiologic processes that occur in man. Impedance plethysmography was used to measure calf, thigh, pelvic, abdominal, and thoracic volume changes in ten Rhesus and eight squirrel monkeys during five-minute exposures to HUT and HDT at angles of 5, 10, and 20 degrees. Calf, rump and tail measurements were made in three squirrel monkeys at 10 and 20 degrees of HUT and HDT. Fluid volume changes in all segments of the Rhesus monkeys were found to change during HUT an HDT in direct relation to the angle of tilt used. However, the volume changes that occurred in the squirrel monkeys were found to be quite different. Their calf, thigh, and pelvic segments lost volume during both HUT and HDT while their abdominal and thoracic segments responded similarly to those of the Rhesus monkeys. These results and those of the calf/tail measurements of the squirrel monkeys suggest that they may utilize their tails as a compensatory reservoir during postural changes and therefore, may not be an appropriate animal model for man under some orthostatic test conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document