scholarly journals GAL4/GFP enhancer-trap lines for identification and manipulation of cells and tissues in developing Arabidopsis leaves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brindhi Amalraj ◽  
Priyanka Govindaraju ◽  
Anmol Krishna ◽  
Dhruv Lavania ◽  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Enhancer Trap ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Targeted Expression ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Enhancer Trap Lines ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractUnderstanding developmental processes requires the unambiguous identification of cells and tissues, and the selective manipulation of the properties of those cells and tissues. Both requirements can most efficiently be satisfied through the use of GAL4/GFP enhancer-trap lines. No such lines are available, however, for the study of leaf development in the Columbia-0 reference genotype of Arabidopsis. Here we address this limitation by identifying and characterizing a set of GAL4/GFP enhancer-trap lines in the Columbia-0 background for the specific labeling of cells and tissues during leaf development, and for the targeted expression of genes of interest in those cells and tissues. By using one line in our set to resolve outstanding problems in leaf vein patterning, we show that these lines can be used to address key questions in plant developmental biology.

Generation and early differentiation of glial cells in the first optic ganglion of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Winberg ◽  
S.E. Perez ◽  
H. Steller
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Enhancer Trap ◽  
P Element ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Genetic Mosaic ◽  
First Optic Ganglion ◽  
Optic Ganglion ◽  
Glial Lineage ◽  
Enhancer Trap Lines

We have examined the generation and development of glial cells in the first optic ganglion, the lamina, of Drosophila melanogaster. Previous work has shown that the growth of retinal axons into the developing optic lobes induces the terminal cell divisions that generate the lamina monopolar neurons. We investigated whether photoreceptor ingrowth also influences the development of lamina glial cells, using P element enhancer trap lines, genetic mosaics and birthdating analysis. Enhancer trap lines that mark the differentiating lamina glial cells were found to require retinal innervation for expression. In mutants with only a few photoreceptors, only the few glial cells near ingrowing axons expressed the marker. Genetic mosaic analysis indicates that the lamina neurons and glial cells are readily separable, suggesting that these are derived from distinct lineages. Additionally, BrdU pulse-chase experiments showed that the cell divisions that produce lamina glia, unlike those producing lamina neurons, are not spatially or temporally correlated with the retinal axon ingrowth. Finally, in mutants lacking photoreceptors, cell divisions in the glial lineage appeared normal. We conclude that the lamina glial cells derive from a lineage that is distinct from that of the L-neurons, that glia are generated independently of photoreceptor input, and that completion of the terminal glial differentiation program depends, directly or indirectly, on an inductive signal from photoreceptor axons.

scholarly journals GAL4 / GFP enhancer‐trap lines for identification and manipulation of cells and tissues in developing Arabidopsis leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 249 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brindhi Amalraj ◽  
Priyanka Govindaraju ◽  
Anmol Krishna ◽  
Dhruv Lavania ◽  
Nguyen M. Linh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enhancer Trap ◽  
Enhancer Trap Lines

Eugenics and Individual Phenotypic Variation: To What Extent Is Biology a Predictive Science?

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Balaban
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Developmental Processes

The ArgumentEugenics, in whatever form it may be articulated, is based on the idea that phenotypic characteristics of particular individuals can be predicted in advance. This paper argues that biology's capacity to predict many of the characteristics exhibited by an individual, especially behavioral or cognitive attributes, will always be very limited. This stems from intrinsic limitations to the methodology for relating genotypes to phenotypes, and from the nature of developmental processes which intervene between genotypes and phenotypes. While genetic studies may generate valid population predictions for conditions which impact human health, neither genetics nor developmental biology are likely to generate useful individual predictions about variation in non-disease-related human behavioral and cognitive phenotypes in the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals ADrosophilaLexA Enhancer-Trap Resource for Developmental Biology and Neuroendocrine Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 3017-3026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Kockel ◽  
Lutfi M. Huq ◽  
Anika Ayyar ◽  
Emma Herold ◽  
Elle MacAlpine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Enhancer Trap

scholarly journals An Interscholastic Network to Generate LexA Enhancer Trap Lines in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Kockel ◽  
Catherine Griffin ◽  
Yaseen Ahmed ◽  
Lauren Fidelak ◽  
Arjun Rajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Enhancer Trap ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Tissue Expression Analysis ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Enhancer Trap Lines

AbstractBinary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provide a powerful experimental tool kit to study gene and tissue function in developmental biology, neurobiology and physiology. However, the number of well-defined LexA enhancer trap insertions remains limited. In this study, we present the molecular characterization and initial tissue expression analysis of nearly 100 novel StanEx LexA enhancer traps, derived from the StonEx1 index line. This includes 76 insertions into novel, distinct gene loci not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs. Additionally, our studies revealed evidence for selective transposase-dependent replacement of a previously-undetected KP element on chromosome III within the StanEx1 genetic background during hybrid dysgenesis, suggesting a molecular basis for the over-representation of LexA insertions at the NK7.1 locus in our screen. Production and characterization of novel fly lines were performed by students and teachers in experiment-based genetics classes within a geographically diverse network of public and independent high schools. Thus, unique partnerships between secondary schools and university-based programs have produced and characterized novel genetic and molecular resources in Drosophila for open-source distribution, and provide paradigms for development of science education through experience-based pedagogy.

scholarly journals A generative network model of neurodevelopment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyal Akarca ◽  
Petra E Vértes ◽  
Edward T Bullmore ◽  
Duncan E Astle ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neuronal Projection

The emergence of large-scale brain networks, and their continual refinement, represent crucial developmental processes that can drive individual differences in cognition and which are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental conditions. But how does this organization arise, and what mechanisms govern the diversity of these developmental processes? There are many existing descriptive theories, but to date none are computationally formalized. We provide a mathematical framework that specifies the growth of a brain network over developmental time. Within this framework macroscopic brain organization, complete with spatial embedding of its organization, is an emergent property of a generative wiring equation that optimizes its connectivity by renegotiating its biological costs and topological values continuously over development. The rules that govern these iterative wiring properties are controlled by a set of tightly framed parameters, with subtle differences in these parameters steering network growth towards different neurodiverse outcomes. Regional expression of genes associated with the developmental simulations converge on biological processes and cellular components predominantly involved in synaptic signaling, neuronal projection, catabolic intracellular processes and protein transport. Together, this provides a unifying computational framework for conceptualizing the mechanisms and diversity of childhood brain development, capable of integrating different levels of analysis – from genes to cognition.

scholarly journals A generative network model of neurodevelopment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyal Akarca ◽  
Petra Vertes ◽  
Edward Bullmore ◽  
The CALM team ◽  
Duncan Astle
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neuronal Projection

Abstract The emergence of large-scale brain networks, and their continual refinement, represent crucial developmental processes that can drive individual differences in cognition and which are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental conditions. But how does this organization arise, and what mechanisms govern the diversity of these developmental processes? There are many existing descriptive theories, but to date none are computationally formalized. We provide a mathematical framework that specifies the growth of a brain network over developmental time. Within this framework macroscopic brain organization, complete with spatial embedding of its organization, is an emergent property of a generative wiring equation that optimizes its connectivity by renegotiating its biological costs and topological values continuously over development. The rules that govern these iterative wiring properties are controlled by a set of tightly framed parameters, with subtle differences in these parameters steering network growth towards different neurodiverse outcomes. Regional expression of genes associated with the developmental simulations converge on biological processes and cellular components predominantly involved in synaptic signaling, neuronal projection, catabolic intracellular processes and protein transport. Together, this provides a unifying computational framework for conceptualizing the mechanisms and diversity of childhood brain development, capable of integrating different levels of analysis – from genes to cognition.

Capturing Processes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Nuño de la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
First Century ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Biological Entities ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging

While a processual view of biological entities might be said to be congenial to embryologists, the intractability and speed of developmental processes traditionally led to an epistemological abandon of processes in favour of the advantages of discretizing ontogenies in arrays of patterns. It is not until the turn of the twenty-first century that the digital embryos obtained from in vivo microscopy have started to replace developmental series as the reference representations of development. This chapter looks at how new microscopy, molecular, and computer technologies for reconstructing biological processes are contributing to a processual understanding of development. First it investigates how time-lapse imaging has brought with it a radical dynamization, not only of the images, but also of the theories of development themselves. Next it explores the role that imaging technologies have played in the return of organicism in developmental biology. Finally, it focuses on how quantitative imaging contributes to the explanatory modelling of developmental processes.

Auxin biosynthesis and cellular efflux act together to regulate leaf vein patterning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kneuper ◽  
William Teale ◽  
Jonathan Edward Dawson ◽  
Ryuji Tsugeki ◽  
Eleni Katifori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Distal Cell

Abstract Our current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on canalization of the plant hormone auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. By comparison, how auxin biosynthesis affects leaf vein patterning is less well understood. Here, after observing that inhibiting polar auxin transport rescues the sparse leaf vein phenotype in auxin biosynthesis mutants, we propose that the processes of auxin biosynthesis and cellular auxin efflux work in concert during vein development. By using computational modeling, we show that localized auxin maxima are able to interact with mechanical forces generated by the morphological constraints which are imposed during early primordium development. This interaction is able to explain four fundamental characteristics of midvein morphology in a growing leaf: (i) distal cell division; (ii) coordinated cell elongation; (iii) a midvein positioned in the center of the primordium; and (iv) a midvein which is distally branched. Domains of auxin biosynthetic enzyme expression are not positioned by auxin canalization, as they are observed before auxin efflux proteins polarize. This suggests that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, as regulated by the balanced action of cellular auxin efflux and local auxin biosynthesis, is crucial for leaf vein formation.

scholarly journals WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 (WOX1) regulates vein patterning and leaf size in Cucumis sativus

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Wang ◽  
Huanhuan Niu ◽  
Chuang Li ◽  
Guoyan Shen ◽  
Xiaofeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Mango Fruit ◽  
Polar Transport ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Auxin Polar Transport ◽  
Development Analysis

Abstract In plants, WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 (WOX1) homologs promote lamina mediolateral outgrowth. However, the downstream components linking WOX1 and lamina development remain unclear. In this study, we revealed the roles of WOX1 in palmate leaf expansion in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). A cucumber mango fruit (mf) mutant, resulting from truncation of a WOX1-type protein (CsWOX1), displayed abnormal lamina growth and defects in the development of secondary and smaller veins. CsWOX1 was expressed in the middle mesophyll and leaf margins and rescued defects of the Arabidopsis wox1 prs double mutant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes involved in auxin polar transport and auxin response were highly associated with leaf development. Analysis of the cucumber mf rl (round leaf) double mutant revealed that CsWOX1 functioned in vein development via PINOID (CsPID1)-controlled auxin transport. Overexpression of CsWOX1 in cucumber (CsWOX1-OE) affected vein patterning and produced ‘butterfly-shaped’ leaves. CsWOX1 physically interacted with CsTCP4a, which may account for the abnormal lamina development in the mf mutant line and the smaller leaves in the CsWOX1-OE plants. Our findings demonstrated that CsWOX1 regulates cucumber leaf vein development by modulating auxin polar transport; moreover, CsWOX1 regulates leaf size by controlling CIN-TCP genes.

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