scholarly journals Cytoskeletal organization in isolated plant cells under geometry control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Durand-Smet ◽  
Tamsin A. Spelman ◽  
E. M. Meyerowitz ◽  
H. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
In Cells

AbstractSpecific cell and tissue form is essential to support many biological functions of living organisms. During development, the creation of different shapes at the cellular and tissue level fundamentally requires the integration of genetic, biochemical and physical inputs.It is well established that the cortical microtubule network plays a key role in the morphogenesis of the plant cell wall by guiding the organisation of new cell wall material. Moreover, it has been suggested that light or mechanical stresses can orient the microtubules thereby controlling wall architecture and plant cell shape. The cytoskeleton is thus a major determinant of plant cell shape. What is less clear is how cell shape in turn influences cytoskeletal organization.Recent in vitro experiments and numerical simulations predicted that a geometry-based rule is sufficient to explain some of the microtubule organization observed in cells. Due to their high flexural rigidity and persistence length of the order of a few millimeters, MTs are rigid over cellular dimensions and are thus expected to align along their long axis if constrained in specific geometries. This hypothesis remains to be tested in cellulo.Here we present an experimental approach to explore the relative contribution of geometry to the final organization of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons in single plant cells. We show that, in cells constrained in rectangular shapes, the cytoskeleton align along the long axis of the cells. By studying actin and microtubules in cells with the same system we show that while actin organisation requires microtubules to be present to align the converse is not the case. A model of self organizing microtubules in 3D predicts that severing of microtubules is an important parameter controlling the anisotropy of the microtubule network. We experimentally confirmed the model predictions by analysing the response to shape change in plant cells with altered microtubule severing dynamics. This work is a first step towards assessing quantitatively how cell geometry contributes to the control of cytoskeletal organization in living plant cells.

scholarly journals Primary cell wall inspired micro containers as a step towards a synthetic plant cell

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Paulraj ◽  
S. Wennmalm ◽  
D.C.F. Wieland ◽  
A. V. Riazanova ◽  
A. Dėdinaitė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Lipid Tubules

AbstractThe structural integrity of living plant cells heavily relies on the plant cell wall containing a nanofibrous cellulose skeleton. Hence, if synthetic plant cells consist of such a cell wall, they would allow for manipulation into more complex synthetic plant structures. Herein, we have overcome the fundamental difficulties associated with assembling lipid vesicles with cellulosic nanofibers (CNFs). We prepare plantosomes with an outer shell of CNF and pectin, and beneath this, a thin layer of lipids (oleic acid and phospholipids) that surrounds a water core. By exploiting the phase behavior of the lipids, regulated by pH and Mg2+ ions, we form vesicle-crowded interiors that change the outer dimension of the plantosomes, mimicking the expansion in real plant cells during, e.g., growth. The internal pressure enables growth of lipid tubules through the plantosome cell wall, which paves the way to the development of hierarchical plant structures and advanced synthetic plant cell mimics.

scholarly journals Cytoskeletal organization in isolated plant cells under geometry control

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 17399-17408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Durand-Smet ◽  
Tamsin A. Spelman ◽  
Elliot M. Meyerowitz ◽  
Henrik Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Persistence Length ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
Actin Organization

The cytoskeleton plays a key role in establishing robust cell shape. In animals, it is well established that cell shape can also influence cytoskeletal organization. Cytoskeletal proteins are well conserved between animal and plant kingdoms; nevertheless, because plant cells exhibit major structural differences to animal cells, the question arises whether the plant cytoskeleton also responds to geometrical cues. Recent numerical simulations predicted that a geometry-based rule is sufficient to explain the microtubule (MT) organization observed in cells. Due to their high flexural rigidity and persistence length of the order of a few millimeters, MTs are rigid over cellular dimensions and are thus expected to align along their long axis if constrained in specific geometries. This hypothesis remains to be testedin cellulo. Here, we explore the relative contribution of geometry to the final organization of actin and MT cytoskeletons in single plant cells ofArabidopsis thaliana. We show that the cytoskeleton aligns with the long axis of the cells. We find that actin organization relies on MTs but not the opposite. We develop a model of self-organizing MTs in three dimensions, which predicts the importance of MT severing, which we confirm experimentally. This work is a first step toward assessing quantitatively how cellular geometry contributes to the control of cytoskeletal organization in living plant cells.

scholarly journals Pectin homogalacturonan nanofilament expansion drives morphogenesis in plant epidermal cells

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6481) ◽  
pp. 1003-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalina T. Haas ◽  
Raymond Wightman ◽  
Elliot M. Meyerowitz ◽  
Alexis Peaucelle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Expansion Capacity

The process by which plant cells expand and gain shape has presented a challenge for researchers. Current models propose that these processes are driven by turgor pressure acting on the cell wall. Using nanoimaging, we show that the cell wall contains pectin nanofilaments that possess an intrinsic expansion capacity. Additionally, we use growth models containing such structures to show that a complex plant cell shape can derive from chemically induced local and polarized expansion of the pectin nanofilaments without turgor-driven growth. Thus, the plant cell wall, outside of the cell itself, is an active participant in shaping plant cells. Extracellular matrix function may similarly guide cell shape in other kingdoms, including Animalia.

Multivesicular structures and cell wall growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Fowke ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Applied Auxin ◽  
In Cells

Applied auxin caused cells of artichoke tuber slices to expand and deposit significant amounts of new wall material while cells in slices held on water remained essentially inert in both respects. Cells in all physiological treatments showed multivesicular structures at the plasma membrane (plasmalemmasomes, lomasomes), within the cytoplasm and within the central vacuoles. The number of plasmalemmasomes was considerably greater in cells not depositing wall than in cells treated with auxin to stimulate wall synthesis. Multivesicular structures showed no relation to Golgi bodies, which increase in number and apparent activity in response to auxin treatment. It is concluded that plasmalemmasomes are not involved in cell wall deposition. Multivesicular structures in plant cells could have several origins and it is suggested that some may represent artifactual reorganization of plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes during cytological processing. Such reorganization would presumably be sensitive to the physiological state of the tissue.

Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (14) ◽  
pp. 3615-3648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir J Bidhendi ◽  
Anja Geitmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mechanical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Abstract The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.

scholarly journals DNA nanostructures coordinate gene silencing in mature plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7543-7548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Gozde S. Demirer ◽  
Honglu Zhang ◽  
Tianzheng Ye ◽  
Natalie S. Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Dna Nanostructure ◽  
The Impact

Delivery of biomolecules to plants relies onAgrobacteriuminfection or biolistic particle delivery, the former of which is amenable only to DNA delivery. The difficulty in delivering functional biomolecules such as RNA to plant cells is due to the plant cell wall, which is absent in mammalian cells and poses the dominant physical barrier to biomolecule delivery in plants. DNA nanostructure-mediated biomolecule delivery is an effective strategy to deliver cargoes across the lipid bilayer of mammalian cells; however, nanoparticle-mediated delivery without external mechanical aid remains unexplored for biomolecule delivery across the cell wall in plants. Herein, we report a systematic assessment of different DNA nanostructures for their ability to internalize into cells of mature plants, deliver siRNAs, and effectively silence a constitutively expressed gene inNicotiana benthamianaleaves. We show that nanostructure internalization into plant cells and corresponding gene silencing efficiency depends on the DNA nanostructure size, shape, compactness, stiffness, and location of the siRNA attachment locus on the nanostructure. We further confirm that the internalization efficiency of DNA nanostructures correlates with their respective gene silencing efficiencies but that the endogenous gene silencing pathway depends on the siRNA attachment locus. Our work establishes the feasibility of biomolecule delivery to plants with DNA nanostructures and both details the design parameters of importance for plant cell internalization and also assesses the impact of DNA nanostructure geometry for gene silencing mechanisms.

scholarly journals Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Li-Jun Huang ◽  
Dan Feng ◽  
Wenhan Jiang ◽  
Wenzhuo Miu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Organelles

Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.

scholarly journals Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbate-induced hydroxyl radicals

1998 ◽  
Vol 332 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. FRY
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Radical Scavengers ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Living Plant

Scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides in vivo has generally been assumed to be enzymic. However, in the presence of l-ascorbate, such polysaccharides are shown to undergo non-enzymic scission under physiologically relevant conditions. Scission of xyloglucan by 1 mM ascorbate had a pH optimum of 4.5, and the maximum scission rate was reached after a 10–25-min delay. Catalase prevented the scission, whereas added H2O2 (0.1–10 mM) increased the scission rate and shortened the delay. Ascorbate caused detectable xyloglucan scission above approx. 5 µM. Dehydroascorbate was much less effective. Added Cu2+ (> 0.3 µM) also increased the rate of ascorbate-induced scission; EDTA was inhibitory. The rate of scission in the absence of added metals appeared to be attributable to the traces of Cu (2.8 mg·kg-1) present in the xyloglucan. Ascorbate-induced scission of xyloglucan was inhibited by radical scavengers; their effectiveness was proportional to their rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radicals (•OH). It is proposed that ascorbate non-enzymically reduces O2 to H2O2, and Cu2+ to Cu+, and that H2O2 and Cu+ react to form •OH, which causes oxidative scission of polysaccharide chains. Evidence is reviewed to suggest that, in the wall of a living plant cell, Cu+ and H2O2 are formed by reactions involving ascorbate and its products, dehydroascorbate and oxalate. Systems may thus be in place to produce apoplastic •OH radicals in vivo. Although •OH radicals are often regarded as detrimental, they are so short-lived that they could act as site-specific oxidants targeted to play a useful role in loosening the cell wall, e.g. during cell expansion, fruit ripening and organ abscission.

Histochemical techniques in plant science: more than meets the eye

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Yadav ◽  
Namira Arif ◽  
Vijay Pratap Singh ◽  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
Roberto Berni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Histochemistry is an essential analytical tool interfacing extensively with plant science. The literature is indeed constellated with examples showing its use to decipher specific physiological and developmental processes, as well as to study plant cell structures. Plant cell structures are translucent unless they are stained. Histochemistry allows the identification and localization, at the cellular level, of biomolecules and organelles in different types of cells and tissues, based on the use of specific staining reactions and imaging. Histochemical techniques are also widely used for the in-vivo localization of promoters in specific tissues, as well as to identify specific cell wall components such as lignin and polysaccharides. Histochemistry also enables the study of plants’ reactions to environmental constraints, for example, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be traced by applying histochemical staining techniques. The possibility of detecting ROS and localizing them at the cellular level is vital in establishing the mechanisms involved in the sensitivity and tolerance to different stress conditions in plants. This review comprehensively highlights the additional value of histochemistry as a complementary technique to high-throughput approaches for the study of the plant response to environmental constraints. Moreover, here we have provided and extensive survey of the available plant histochemical staining methods used for the localization of metals, minerals, secondary metabolites, cell wall components, as well as the detection of ROS production in plant cells. The use of recent technological advances like CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing for histological application is also addressed. This review also surveys the availale literature data on histochemical techniques used to study the response of plants to abiotic stresses and to identify the effects at the tissue and cell-level.

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