scholarly journals CK2-dependent phosphorylation of the Brg1 chromatin remodeling enzyme occurs during mitosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresita Padilla-Benavides ◽  
Dominic T. Haokip ◽  
Yeonsoo Yoon ◽  
Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez ◽  
Jaime A. Rivera-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
List Type ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Mitotic Kinase ◽  
Primary Myoblasts ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Hyperphosphorylated Form

ABSTRACTBrg1 (Brahma related gene 1) is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that can act as the catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes that facilitate utilization of the DNA in eukaryotic cells. Brg1 is a phospho-protein and its activity is regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. Previously, we showed that Brg1 interacts with and is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) in a manner that regulates myoblast proliferation. Here we demonstrate that the Brg1-CK2 interaction occurred during mitosis in embryonic somites and in primary myoblasts derived from satellite cells isolated from muscle tissue. The interaction of CK2 activity with Brg1 and the incorporation of a number of other subunits into the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex were independent of CK2 enzymatic activity. CK2-mediated hyperphosphorylation of Brg1 was observed in mitotic cells derived from multiple cell types and organisms, suggesting functional conservation across tissues and species. The mitotically hyperphosphorylated form of Brg1 was localized with soluble chromatin, demonstrating that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is associated with specific partitioning of Brg1 within sub-cellular compartments. Thus CK2 acts a mitotic kinase that regulates Brg1 phosphorylation and sub-cellular localization.HIGHLIGHTSInteractions between CK2 and the Brg1 chromatin remodeling enzyme occur during mitosisCK2-Brg1 interactions are independent of CK2 catalytic activityCK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is a mitotic eventCK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is conserved across mammalian cell typesThe mitotically hyperphosphorylated form of Brg1 is localized with soluble chromatin

scholarly journals CK2-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Brg1 Chromatin Remodeling Enzyme Occurs during Mitosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresita Padilla-Benavides ◽  
Dominic T. Haokip ◽  
Yeonsoo Yoon ◽  
Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez ◽  
Jaime A. Rivera-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Embryonic Mouse ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Mitotic Kinase ◽  
Primary Myoblasts ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Hyperphosphorylated Form

Brg1 (Brahma-related gene 1) is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that can act as the catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SfigureNF) chromatin remodeling enzymes that facilitate utilization of the DNA in eukaryotic cells. Brg1 is a phospho-protein, and its activity is regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. Previously, we showed that Brg1 interacts with and is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) in a manner that regulates myoblast proliferation. Here, we use biochemical and cell and molecular biology approaches to demonstrate that the Brg1-CK2 interaction occurred during mitosis in embryonic mouse somites and in primary myoblasts derived from satellite cells isolated from mouse skeletal muscle tissue. The interaction of CK2 with Brg1 and the incorporation of a number of other subunits into the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex were independent of CK2 enzymatic activity. CK2-mediated hyperphosphorylation of Brg1 was observed in mitotic cells derived from multiple cell types and organisms, suggesting functional conservation across tissues and species. The mitotically hyperphosphorylated form of Brg1 was localized with soluble chromatin, demonstrating that CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Brg1 is associated with specific partitioning of Brg1 within subcellular compartments. Thus, CK2 acts as a mitotic kinase that regulates Brg1 phosphorylation and subcellular localization.

Protein kinase C-α and the regulation of diverse cell responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Kant Singh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Pramod Kumar Gautam ◽  
Munendra Singh Tomar ◽  
Praveen Kumar Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Adapter Proteins ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Cellular Compartments

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of lipid-sensitive enzymes that have been involved in a broad range of cellular functions. PKC-α is a member of classical PKC with ubiquitous expression and different cellular localization. This unique PKC isoform is activated by various signals which evoke lipid hydrolysis, after activation it interacts with various adapter proteins and is localized to specific cellular compartments where it is devised to work. The universal expression and activation by various stimuli make it a perfect player in uncountable cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, cellular transformation, motility, adhesion and so on. However, these functions are not intrinsic properties of PKC-α, but depend on cell types and conditions. The activities of PKC-α are managed by the various pharmacological activators/inhibitors and antisense oligonucleotides. The aim of this review is to elaborate the structural feature, and provide an insight into the mechanism of PKC-α activation and regulation of its key biological functions in different cellular compartments to develop an effective pharmacological approach to regulate the PKC-α signal array.

scholarly journals Machine and deep learning single-cell segmentation and quantification of multi-dimensional tissue images

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot T McKinley ◽  
Joseph T Roland ◽  
Jeffrey L Franklin ◽  
Mary Catherine Macedonia ◽  
Paige N Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Shape Descriptor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Colorectal Adenomas ◽  
Cell Segmentation ◽  
Tissue Imaging ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cellular Compartments

AbstractIncreasingly, highly multiplexed in situ tissue imaging methods are used to profile protein expression at the single-cell level. However, a critical limitation is a lack of robust cell segmentation tools applicable for sections of tissues with a complex architecture and multiple cell types. Using human colorectal adenomas, we present a pipeline for cell segmentation and quantification that utilizes machine learning-based pixel classification to define cellular compartments, a novel method for extending incomplete cell membranes, quantification of antibody staining, and a deep learning-based cell shape descriptor. We envision that this method can be broadly applied to different imaging platforms and tissue types.

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON THE CHICKEN OVIDUCT

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. I. Ljungkvist
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Microscopical Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
New Production ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Chicken Oviduct ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Aortic Perfusion

ABSTRACT Oviducts from 20 one-day old chickens were used. Ten chickens were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 mg oestradiol for 5 days, the remaining ones serving as controls. The chickens were fixed by an aortic perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. The treatment with oestrogen resulted in the following changes: general increase in oviduct length and thickness, differentiation of the epithelial membrane into three cell types: basal, apical and gland cells, increase in the number of cilia in the apical cell, probably due to a new production of cilia, formation of secretory granules in the vaginal epithelium as seen by light microscopy, formation of proteinlike secretory granules in the apical cell as seen by electron microscopy, increase in protein synthesis, observed as an augmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum.

scholarly journals Multiple cell types contribute to the atherosclerotic lesion fibrous cap by PDGFRβ and bioenergetic mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra A. C. Newman ◽  
Vlad Serbulea ◽  
Richard A. Baylis ◽  
Laura S. Shankman ◽  
Xenia Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fibrous Cap ◽  
Multiple Cell

scholarly journals MyD88 Is Not Required for Muscle Injury-Induced Endochondral Heterotopic Ossification in a Mouse Model of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Huili Lyu ◽  
Cody M. Elkins ◽  
Jessica L. Pierce ◽  
C. Henrique Serezani ◽  
Daniel S. Perrien
Keyword(s):  
Heterotopic Ossification ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
Pathway Crosstalk ◽  
Multiple Cell

Excess inflammation and canonical BMP receptor (BMPR) signaling are coinciding hallmarks of the early stages of injury-induced endochondral heterotopic ossification (EHO), especially in the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Multiple inflammatory signaling pathways can synergistically enhance BMP-induced Smad1/5/8 activity in multiple cell types, suggesting the importance of pathway crosstalk in EHO and FOP. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptors mediate many of the earliest injury-induced inflammatory signals largely via MyD88-dependent pathways. Thus, the hypothesis that MyD88-dependent signaling is required for EHO was tested in vitro and in vivo using global or Pdgfrα-conditional deletion of MyD88 in FOP mice. As expected, IL-1β or LPS synergistically increased Activin A (ActA)-induced phosphorylation of Smad 1/5 in fibroadipoprogenitors (FAPs) expressing Alk2R206H. However, conditional deletion of MyD88 in Pdgfrα-positive cells of FOP mice did not significantly alter the amount of muscle injury-induced EHO. Even more surprisingly, injury-induced EHO was not significantly affected by global deletion of MyD88. These studies demonstrate that MyD88-dependent signaling is dispensable for injury-induced EHO in FOP mice.

scholarly journals Microtubule–microtubule sliding by kinesin-1 is essential for normal cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (34) ◽  
pp. E4995-E5004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Lu ◽  
Michael Winding ◽  
Margot Lakonishok ◽  
Jill Wildonger ◽  
Vladimir I. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Actin Cortex ◽  
Microtubule Motor ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cytoplasmic Microtubules ◽  
Two Populations

Cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes is a microtubule-based bulk cytoplasmic movement. Streaming efficiently circulates and localizes mRNAs and proteins deposited by the nurse cells across the oocyte. This movement is driven by kinesin-1, a major microtubule motor. Recently, we have shown that kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC) can transport one microtubule on another microtubule, thus driving microtubule–microtubule sliding in multiple cell types. To study the role of microtubule sliding in oocyte cytoplasmic streaming, we used a Khc mutant that is deficient in microtubule sliding but able to transport a majority of cargoes. We demonstrated that streaming is reduced by genomic replacement of wild-type Khc with this sliding-deficient mutant. Streaming can be fully rescued by wild-type KHC and partially rescued by a chimeric motor that cannot move organelles but is active in microtubule sliding. Consistent with these data, we identified two populations of microtubules in fast-streaming oocytes: a network of stable microtubules anchored to the actin cortex and free cytoplasmic microtubules that moved in the ooplasm. We further demonstrated that the reduced streaming in sliding-deficient oocytes resulted in posterior determination defects. Together, we propose that kinesin-1 slides free cytoplasmic microtubules against cortically immobilized microtubules, generating forces that contribute to cytoplasmic streaming and are essential for the refinement of posterior determinants.

scholarly journals Single cell transcriptomic analysis of murine lung development on hyperoxia-induced damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hurskainen ◽  
Ivana Mižíková ◽  
David P. Cook ◽  
Noora Andersson ◽  
Chanèle Cyr-Depauw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Lung Development ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Stromal Fibroblasts ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Macrophage Populations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Cellular Compartments

AbstractDuring late lung development, alveolar and microvascular development is finalized to enable sufficient gas exchange. Impaired late lung development manifests as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows for assessment of complex cellular dynamics during biological processes, such as development. Here, we use MULTI-seq to generate scRNA-seq profiles of over 66,000 cells from 36 mice during normal or impaired lung development secondary to hyperoxia with validation of some of the findings in lungs from BPD patients. We observe dynamic populations of cells, including several rare cell types and putative progenitors. Hyperoxia exposure, which mimics the BPD phenotype, alters the composition of all cellular compartments, particularly alveolar epithelium, stromal fibroblasts, capillary endothelium and macrophage populations. Pathway analysis and predicted dynamic cellular crosstalk suggest inflammatory signaling as the main driver of hyperoxia-induced changes. Our data provides a single-cell view of cellular changes associated with late lung development in health and disease.

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