scholarly journals Horizontally acquired quorum sensing regulators recruited by the PhoP regulatory network expand host-adaptation repertoire in the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo ◽  
Ntombikayise Precious Nkomo ◽  
Divine Yufetar Shyntum ◽  
Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Late Infection

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examine the impact of transcriptional network rearrangements driven by horizontal gene acquisition in PhoP and SlyA regulons using as a case study the phytopathosystem comprised of potato tubers and the soft rot pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb1692). By comparing those two networks with that of PecS obtained from the closely related Dickeya dadantii, we found that: (a) 24-31% of the genes regulated at late infection are genus-specific (GS) (based on Pectobacterium and Dickeya genera), and that (b) of these, 28.1-44.4% were predicted with high confidence as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) candidates. Further, genome simulation and statistical analyses corroborated the bias in late infection regulons towards the transcriptional control of candidate GS-HGT genes by PhoP, SlyA, and PecS, highlighting the prominence of network rearrangements in these late infection regulons. The evidence further supports the circumscription of two horizontally acquired quorum sensing regulators (carR and expR1) by the PhoP network. By recruiting carR and expR1, the PhoP network also impacts certain host adaptation- and bacterial competition-related systems, seemingly in a quorum sensing-dependent manner, such as the type VI secretion system, carbapenem biosynthesis, and plant cell walls degrading enzymes (PCWDE) such as cellulases and pectate lyases. Conversely, polygalacturonases and the type III secretion system (T3SS) exhibit a transcriptional pattern that suggests quorum sensing-independent regulation by the PhoP network. This includes a yet uncharacterized novel phage-related gene family within the T3SS gene cluster that has been recently acquired by two Pectobacterium species. The evidence further suggests a PhoP-dependent regulation of carbapenem and PCWDE-encoding genes based on the synthesized products’ optimum pH. The PhoP network also controls slyA expression in planta, which seems to impact the carbohydrate metabolism regulation, especially at early infection when 69.6% of the SlyA-regulated genes from that category also require PhoP to achieve normal expression levels.AUTHOR SUMMARYExchanging genetic material through horizontal transfer is a critical mechanism that drives bacteria to efficiently adapt to host defenses. In this report, we demonstrate that a specific plant pathogenic species (from the Pectobacterium genus) successfully integrated a population density-based behaviour system (quorum sensing) acquired through horizontal transfer into a resident stress-response gene regulatory network controlled by the PhoP protein. Evidence found here underscores that subsets of bacterial weaponry critical for colonization, typically known to respond to quorum sensing, are also controlled by PhoP. Some of these traits include different types of enzymes that can efficiently break plant cell walls depending on the environmental acidity level. Thus, we hypothesize that PhoP ability to elicit regulatory responses based on acidity and nutrient availability fluctuations may have strongly impacted the fixation of its regulatory connection with quorum sensing. In addition, another global gene regulator known as SlyA was found under the PhoP regulatory network. The SlyA regulator controls a series of carbohydrate metabolism-related traits, which also seem to be regulated by PhoP. By centralizing quorum sensing and slyA under PhoP scrutiny, Pectobacterium cells added an advantageous layer of control over those two networks that potentially enhances colonization efficiency.

scholarly journals Horizontally Acquired Quorum-Sensing Regulators Recruited by the PhoP Regulatory Network Expand the Host Adaptation Repertoire in the Phytopathogen Pectobacterium brasiliense

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo ◽  
Ntombikayise Precious Nkomo ◽  
Divine Yufetar Shyntum ◽  
Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transcriptional Pattern ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT In this study, we examine the impact of transcriptional network rearrangements driven by horizontal gene acquisition in PhoP and SlyA regulons using as a case study a phytopathosystem comprised of potato tubers and the soft-rot pathogen Pectobacterium brasiliense 1692 (Pb1692). Genome simulations and statistical analyses uncovered the tendency of PhoP and SlyA networks to mobilize lineage-specific traits predicted as horizontal gene transfer at late infection, highlighting the prominence of regulatory network rearrangements in this stage of infection. The evidence further supports the circumscription of two horizontally acquired quorum-sensing regulators (carR and expR1) by the PhoP network. By recruiting carR and expR1, the PhoP network also impacts certain host adaptation- and bacterial competition-related systems, seemingly in a quorum sensing-dependent manner, such as the type VI secretion system, carbapenem biosynthesis, and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDE) like cellulases and pectate lyases. Conversely, polygalacturonases and the type III secretion system (T3SS) exhibit a transcriptional pattern that suggests quorum-sensing-independent regulation by the PhoP network. This includes an uncharacterized novel phage-related gene family within the T3SS gene cluster that has been recently acquired by two Pectobacterium species. The evidence further suggests a PhoP-dependent regulation of carbapenem- and PCWDE-encoding genes based on the synthesized products’ optimum pH. The PhoP network also controls slyA expression in planta, which seems to impact carbohydrate metabolism regulation, especially at early infection, when 76.2% of the SlyA-regulated genes from that category also require PhoP to achieve normal expression levels. IMPORTANCE Exchanging genetic material through horizontal transfer is a critical mechanism that drives bacteria to efficiently adapt to host defenses. In this report, we demonstrate that a specific plant-pathogenic species (from the Pectobacterium genus) successfully integrated a population density-based behavior system (quorum sensing) acquired through horizontal transfer into a resident stress-response gene regulatory network controlled by the PhoP protein. Evidence found here underscores that subsets of bacterial weaponry critical for colonization, typically known to respond to quorum sensing, are also controlled by PhoP. Some of these traits include different types of enzymes that can efficiently break down plant cell walls depending on the environmental acidity level. Thus, we hypothesize that PhoP’s ability to elicit regulatory responses based on acidity and nutrient availability fluctuations has strongly impacted the fixation of its regulatory connection with quorum sensing. In addition, another global gene regulator, known as SlyA, was found under the PhoP regulatory network. The SlyA regulator controls a series of carbohydrate metabolism-related traits, which also seem to be regulated by PhoP. By centralizing quorum sensing and slyA under PhoP scrutiny, Pectobacterium cells added an advantageous layer of control over those two networks that potentially enhances colonization efficiency.

scholarly journals Bacterial Type Two Secretion System Secreted Proteins: Double-Edged Swords for Plant Pathogens

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopaljee Jha ◽  
R. Rajeshwari ◽  
Ramesh V. Sonti
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Type Three Secretion System ◽  
Type Three Secretion ◽  
Bacterial Type

The type two secretion system (T2S) is important for virulence of a number of gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens. Most of the T2S-secreted proteins that have been characterized to date are involved in degrading different components of plant cell walls. Functional redundancy appears to exist among T2S-secreted proteins because significant effects on virulence are observed only in strains in which multiple secreted proteins are mutated. Several T2S-secreted proteins have been shown to induce plant defense responses, including hypersensitive response-like reactions. Bacterial pathogens can suppress these defense responses, and recent results indicate that suppression is mediated through the type three secretion system.

Exploration of cell wall architecture with the rapid-freeze deep-etch technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre ◽  
Chris Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

The comprehension of the molecular architecture of plant cell walls is one of the best examples in cell biology which illustrates how developments in microscopy have extended the frontiers of a topic. Indeed from the first electron microscope observation of cell walls it has become apparent that our understanding of wall structure has advanced hand in hand with improvements in the technology of specimen preparation for electron microscopy. Cell walls are sub-cellular compartments outside the peripheral plasma membrane, the construction of which depends on a complex cellular biosynthetic and secretory activity (1). They are composed of interwoven polymers, synthesised independently, which together perform a number of varied functions. Biochemical studies have provided us with much data on the varied molecular composition of plant cell walls. However, the detailed intermolecular relationships and the three dimensional arrangement of the polymers in situ remains a mystery. The difficulty in establishing a general molecular model for plant cell walls is also complicated by the vast diversity in wall composition among plant species.

Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles upon in vitro fermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Lu ◽  
Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽  
Hong Yao ◽  
Barbara Williams ◽  
Bernadine Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Plant cell walls as well as their component polysaccharides in foods can be utilized to alter and maintain a beneficial human gut microbiota, but it is not known whether the...

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

Glycoprotein conformation in plant cell walls

Planta ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger B. Homer ◽  
Keith Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls
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