scholarly journals Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Young Koung Lee ◽  
Lifang Zhang ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Induced Module ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Floral Meristems

AbstractAs in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of EMS-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.SignificanceThrough a single base pair mutation, grain number can be increased by ~200% in the globally important crop Sorghum bicolor. This mutation affects the expression of an enzyme, MSD2, that catalyzes the jasmonic acid pathway in developing floral meristems. The global gene expression profile in this enzymatic mutant is similar to that of a transcription factor mutant, msd1, indicating that disturbing any component of this regulatory module disrupts a positive feedback loop that occurs normally due to regular developmental perception of jasmonic acid. Additionally, the MSD1 transcription factor is able to regulate MSD2 in addition to other jasmonic acid pathway genes, suggesting that it is a primary transcriptional regulator of this hormone signaling pathway in floral meristems.

scholarly journals Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum Is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Young Koung Lee ◽  
Lifang Zhang ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Induced Module ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

As in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.

scholarly journals Sorghum MSD3 Encodes an ω-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase that Increases Grain Number by Reducing Jasmonic Acid Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanya Dampanaboina ◽  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Junping Chen ◽  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Genomic Editing ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

Grain number per panicle is an important component of grain yield in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) and other cereal crops. Previously, we reported that mutations in multi-seeded 1 (MSD1) and MSD2 genes result in a two-fold increase in grain number per panicle due to the restoration of the fertility of the pedicellate spikelets, which invariably abort in natural sorghum accessions. Here, we report the identification of another gene, MSD3, which is also involved in the regulation of grain numbers in sorghum. Four bulked F2 populations from crosses between BTx623 and each of the independent msd mutants p6, p14, p21, and p24 were sequenced to 20× coverage of the whole genome on a HiSeq 2000 system. Bioinformatic analyses of the sequence data showed that one gene, Sorbi_3001G407600, harbored homozygous mutations in all four populations. This gene encodes a plastidial ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to linolenic acid (18:3), a substrate for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis. The msd3 mutants had reduced levels of linolenic acid in both leaves and developing panicles that in turn decreased the levels of JA. Furthermore, the msd3 panicle phenotype was reversed by treatment with methyl-JA (MeJA). Our characterization of MSD1, MSD2, and now MSD3 demonstrates that JA-regulated processes are critical to the msd phenotype. The identification of the MSD3 gene reveals a new target that could be manipulated to increase grain number per panicle in sorghum, and potentially other cereal crops, through the genomic editing of MSD3 functional orthologs.

scholarly journals MSD1 regulates pedicellate spikelet fertility in sorghum through the jasmonic acid pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinping Jiao ◽  
Young Koung Lee ◽  
Nicholas Gladman ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
Shawn A. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Acid Pathway

scholarly journals GrTCP11, a Cotton TCP Transcription Factor, Inhibits Root Hair Elongation by Down-Regulating Jasmonic Acid Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Hao ◽  
Panpan Lou ◽  
Yidie Han ◽  
Zhehao Chen ◽  
Jianmei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Gossypium Raimondii ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Functional Mechanisms

TCP transcription factors play important roles in diverse aspects of plant development as transcriptional activators or repressors. However, the functional mechanisms of TCPs are not well understood, especially in cotton fibers. Here, we identified a total of 37 non-redundant TCP proteins from the diploid cotton (Gossypium raimondii), which showed great diversity in the expression profile. GrTCP11, an ortholog of AtTCP11, was preferentially expressed in cotton anthers and during fiber initiation and secondary cell wall synthesis stages. Overexpression of GrTCP11 in Arabidopsis thaliana reduced root hair length and delayed flowering. It was found that GrTCP11 negatively regulated genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and response, such as AtLOX4, AtAOS, AtAOC1, AtAOC3, AtJAZ1, AtJAZ2, AtMYC2, and AtERF1, which resulted in a decrease in JA concentration in the overexpressed transgenic lines. As with the JA-deficient mutant dde2-2, the transgenic line 4-1 was insensitive to 50 μM methyl jasmonate, compared with the wild-type plants. The results suggest that GrTCP11 may be an important transcription factor for cotton fiber development, by negatively regulating JA biosynthesis and response.

The LARGE2-APO1/APO2 regulatory module controls panicle size and grain number in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luojiang Huang ◽  
Kai Hua ◽  
Ran Xu ◽  
Dali Zeng ◽  
Ruci Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Hect Domain ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Abstract Panicle size and grain number are important agronomic traits and influence grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa), but the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying panicle size and grain number control remain largely unknown in crops. Here we report that LARGE2 encodes a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase OsUPL2 and regulates panicle size and grain number in rice. The loss of function large2 mutants produce large panicles with increased grain number, wide grains and leaves, and thick culms. LARGE2 regulates panicle size and grain number by repressing meristematic activity. LARGE2 is highly expressed in young panicles and grains. Biochemical analyses show that LARGE2 physically associates with ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) and APO2, two positive regulators of panicle size and grain number, and modulates their stabilities. Genetic analyses support that LARGE2 functions with APO1 and APO2 in a common pathway to regulate panicle size and grain number. These findings reveal a novel genetic and molecular mechanism of the LARGE2-APO1/APO2 module-mediated control of panicle size and grain number in rice, suggesting that this module is a promising target for improving panicle size and grain number in crops.

scholarly journals Next Generation Cereal Crop Yield Enhancement: From Knowledge of Inflorescence Development to Practical Engineering by Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5167
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Penelope L. Lindsay ◽  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
New Era ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Crops Yield

Artificial domestication and improvement of the majority of crops began approximately 10,000 years ago, in different parts of the world, to achieve high productivity, good quality, and widespread adaptability. It was initiated from a phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developed to current biotechnology-based breeding to feed over 7 billion people. For most cereal crops, yield relates to grain production, which could be enhanced by increasing grain number and weight. Grain number is typically determined during inflorescence development. Many mutants and genes for inflorescence development have already been characterized in cereal crops. Therefore, optimization of such genes could fine-tune yield-related traits, such as grain number. With the rapidly advancing genome-editing technologies and understanding of yield-related traits, knowledge-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality. This review introduces knowledge about inflorescence yield-related traits in cereal crops, focusing on rice, maize, and wheat. Next, emerging genome-editing technologies and recent studies that apply this technology to engineer crop yield improvement by targeting inflorescence development are reviewed. These approaches promise to usher in a new era of breeding practice.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity study of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenc) genotypes, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassahun Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
New Variety ◽  
The World ◽  
Augmented Design ◽  
Genetic Diversity Study ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Diversity Study

Abstract Sorghum bicolor is one of the most important cereal crops around the world, particularly in Africa, highly cultivated for dietary staple. For this reason, a good knowledge and usage of this genetic resource in sorghum accessions is highly vital for improving crop quality. Analysis of genetic variability among the accessions will enable accurate results in breeding. The research design used was augmented design, which is common in many gene banks. This research finding would be used later by plant breeders to select best performers for further evaluation of the crop and obtain a new variety of sorghum.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Identification of WRKY transcription factor family members in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0236651
Author(s):  
Elamin Hafiz Baillo ◽  
Muhammad Sajid Hanif ◽  
Yinghui Guo ◽  
Zhengbin Zhang ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L
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