scholarly journals Maternal care of heterozygous Dopamine Receptor D4 knockout mice: Differential susceptibility to early-life rearing conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle Knop ◽  
Marinus H. van IJzendoorn ◽  
Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg ◽  
Marian Joëls ◽  
Rixt van der Veen
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Puberty Onset ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

AbstractThe differential susceptibility hypothesis proposes that individuals who are more susceptible to the negative effects of adverse rearing conditions may also benefit more from enriched environments. Evidence derived from human experiments suggests the lower efficacy dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7-repeat as a main factor in exhibiting these for better and for worse characteristics. However, human studies lack the genetic and environmental control offered by animal experiments, complicating assessment of causal relations. To study differential susceptibility in an animal model, we exposed Drd4+/- mice and control litter mates to a limited nesting/bedding (LN), standard nesting (SN) or communal nesting (CN) rearing environment from postnatal day (P) 2-14. Puberty onset was examined from P24-P36 and adult females were assessed on maternal care towards their own offspring. In both males and females, LN reared mice showed a delay in puberty onset that was partly mediated by a reduction in body weight at weaning, irrespective of Drd4 genotype. During adulthood, LN reared females exhibited characteristics of poor maternal care, whereas dams reared in CN environments showed lower rates of unpredictability towards their own offspring. Differential susceptibility was observed only for licking/grooming levels of female offspring towards their litter; LN reared Drd4+/- mice exhibited the lowest and CN reared Drd4+/- mice the highest levels of licking/grooming. These results indicate that both genetic and early-environmental factors play an important role in shaping maternal care of the offspring for better and for worse.

scholarly journals Maternal care of heterozygous dopamine receptor D4 knockout mice: Differential susceptibility to early‐life rearing conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle Knop ◽  
Marinus H. IJzendoorn ◽  
Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg ◽  
Marian Joëls ◽  
Rixt Veen
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

Genetic differential susceptibility in literacy-delayed children: A randomized controlled trial on emergent literacy in kindergarten

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel D. Plak ◽  
Cornelia A. T. Kegel ◽  
Adriana G. Bus
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

AbstractIn this randomized controlled trial, 508 5-year-old kindergarten children participated, of whom 257 were delayed in literacy skills because they belonged to the lowest quartile of a national standard literacy test. We tested the hypothesis that some children are more susceptible to school-entry educational interventions than their peers due to their genetic makeup, and thus whether the dopamine receptor D4 gene moderated intervention effects. Children were randomly assigned to a control condition or one of two interventions involving computer programs tailored to the literacy needs of delayed pupils: Living Letters for alphabetic knowledge and Living Books for text comprehension. Effects of Living Books met the criteria of differential susceptibility. For carriers of the dopamine receptor D4 gene seven-repeat allele (about one-third of the delayed group), the Living Books program was an important addition to the common core curriculum in kindergarten (effect size d = 0.56), whereas the program did not affect the other children (d = –0.09). The same seven-repeat carriers benefited more from Living Letters than did the noncarriers, as reflected in effect sizes of 0.63 and 0.34, respectively, although such differences did not fulfill the statistical criteria for differential susceptibility. The implications of differential susceptibility for education and regarding the crucial question “what works for whom?” are discussed.

Heritability of children's prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Knafo ◽  
Salomon Israel ◽  
Richard P. Ebstein
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Repeat Allele ◽  
Children's Behavior ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

AbstractTheoretical considerations and new empirical evidence suggest that children's development cannot simply be explained by either genes or environment but that their interaction is important to understanding child behavior. In particular, a genetic polymorphism, the exon III repeat region of the dopamine receptor D4, has been the focus of interest regarding differential susceptibility to parental influence. To study environmental and genetic influences on children's prosocial behavior, 168 twin pairs (mean age = 44 months) participated in an experiment that assessed prosocial behavior via three measures: compliant prosocial behavior elicited in response to social requests, self-initiated prosocial behavior enacted voluntarily, and mothers' rating of children's behavior. Genetic effects accounted for 34% to 53% of the variance in prosocial behavior. The rest of the variance was accounted for by nonshared environment and error. Parenting measures of maternal positivity, negativity, and unexplained punishment did not correlate significantly with children's prosocial behavior. However, when parenting was stratified by presence or absence of the child's dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat allele in an overlapping sample of 167 children to model differential susceptibility to parental influence, a richer picture emerged. Positive parenting related meaningfully to mother-rated prosocial behavior, and unexplained punishment related positively to self-initiated prosocial behavior, but only among children carrying the 7-repeat allele. The findings demonstrate that a molecular genetic strategy, based on genotyping of common polymorphisms and combined with a classic twin approach, provides a richer description of how genes and environment interact to shape children's behavior, and allows for the identification of differential sensitivity to parental influence.

Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: New evidence and a meta-analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg ◽  
Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Attachment Representations ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rearing Environment ◽  
Repeat Allele ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Story Completion

AbstractIn the current paper we present new empirical data and meta-analytic evidence for the role of dopamine-related genes as a susceptibility factor interacting with the rearing environment for better and for worse, that is, increasing children's susceptibility to both the adverse effects of unsupportive environments and the beneficial effects of supportive rearing. In Study 1 we examined the readiness of 91 7-year-old children to donate their money to a charity (UNICEF). We tested whether the association between attachment and donating behavior was moderated by the presence of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7-repeat allele. The attachment story completion task was used to assess attachment as an index of the quality of the rearing environment. Children with secure attachment representations donated more but only if they had the DRD4 7-repeat allele. In Study 2 we present the results of a meta-analysis of gene–environment studies on children up to 10 years of age involving dopamine-related genes (dopamine receptor D2, DRD4, dopamine transporter). The cumulative negative effects of these “risk genes” and adverse rearing environments have been stressed, but potentially cumulative positive effects of these same genes interacting with positive rearing environments remained largely unnoticed. We examined the associations between negative and positive rearing environments and developmental outcomes as moderated by dopamine-related gene polymorphisms. Children with the less efficient dopamine-related genes did worse in negative environments than the comparisons without the “genetic risk,” but they also profited most from positive environments. Findings are discussed in light of evolutionary theory, and illustrated with some practical implications of differential susceptibility.

scholarly journals Genetic differential susceptibility on trial: Meta-analytic support from randomized controlled experiments

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn ◽  
Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Polymorphic Region ◽  
Short Allele ◽  
Repeat Allele ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

AbstractThe most stringent test of differential susceptibility theory is provided by randomized control trials examining the moderating role of genetic markers of differential susceptibility in experimental manipulations of the environment (Gene × Experimental Environment interactions), being at least 10 times more powerful than correlational Gene × Environment interaction studies. We identified 22 experiments involving 3,257 participants with various developmental outcomes (e.g., externalizing problems, internalizing behaviors, and cognitive development). Effect sizes contrasting experimental versus control group were computed both for subjects with the polymorphism considered indicative of heightened susceptibility (e.g., the dopamine receptor D4 gene seven-repeat allele and the serotonin transporter polymorphic region short allele) and others expected to be low in susceptibility (e.g., the dopamine receptor D4 gene four-repeat allele and the serotonin transporter polymorphic region short allele). Clear-cut experimental support for genetic differential susceptibility emerged: the combined effect size of the interventions for the susceptible genotypes amounted to r = .33 (95% confidence interval = 0.23, 0.42; p < .01) versus a nonsignificant r = .08 (95% confidence interval = −0.02, 0.17; p = .12) for the hypothesized nonsusceptible genotypes. Macrotrials showed more evidence of genetic differential susceptibility than microtrials, and differential susceptibility was more clearly observed in trials with externalizing and cognitive outcomes than with internalizing problems. This meta-analysis shows proof of principle for genetic differential susceptibility and indicates that it is time to explore its mechanisms and limits. The concept of differential susceptibility alters the idea of constitutional “risk” factors (reactive temperament and risk genotypes), and points to intervention efficacy hidden in Gene × Environment interactions.

Genetic polymorphism of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene in ten Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta mulatta)

Meta Gene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100891
Author(s):  
Sanjoy Kumar Chatterjee ◽  
Suniti Yadav ◽  
Kallur Nava Saraswathy ◽  
Prakash Ranjan Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Drd4 Gene ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of a Tandem Repeat in Exon III of the Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4) Gene in Cetaceans

2006 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Mogensen ◽  
Carl Christian Kinze ◽  
Thomas Werge ◽  
Henrik Berg Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Drd4 Gene ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D4
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