scholarly journals Genes encoding recognition of the Cladosporium fulvum effector protein Ecp5 are encoded at several loci in the tomato genome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Iakovidis ◽  
Eleni Soumpourou ◽  
Elisabeth Anderson ◽  
Graham Etherington ◽  
Scott Yourstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACTThe molecular interactions between tomato and Cladosporium fulvum have been an important model for molecular plant pathology. Complex genetic loci on tomato chromosomes 1 and 6 harbor genes for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum, encoding receptor like-proteins that perceive distinct Cladosporium fulvum effectors and trigger plant defenses. Here, we report classical mapping strategies for loci in tomato accessions that respond to Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp5, which is very sequence-monomorphic. We screened 139 wild tomato accessions for an Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response, and in five accessions, the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response segregated as a monogenic trait, mapping to distinct loci in the tomato genome. We identified at least three loci on chromosomes 1, 7 and 12 that harbor distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes in four different accessions. Our mapping showed that the Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium G1.1161 is located at the Milky Way locus. The Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA0722 was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome 7, while the Cf-Ecp5 genes in Solanum lycopersicum Ontario 7522 and Solanum pimpinellifolium LA2852 were mapped to the same locus on the top arm of chromosome 12. Bi-parental crosses between accessions carrying distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes revealed putative genetically unlinked suppressors of the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response. Our mapping also showed that Cf-11 is located on chromosome 11, close to the Cf-3 locus. The Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response is widely distributed within tomato species and is variable in strength. This novel example of convergent evolution could be used for choosing different functional Cf-Ecp5 genes according to individual plant breeding needs.

scholarly journals Genes Encoding Recognition of the Cladosporium fulvum Effector Protein Ecp5 Are Encoded at Several Loci in the Tomato Genome

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1753-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Iakovidis ◽  
Eleni Soumpourou ◽  
Elisabeth Anderson ◽  
Graham Etherington ◽  
Scott Yourstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Genes Encoding

The molecular interactions between tomato and Cladosporium fulvum have been an important model for molecular plant pathology. Complex genetic loci on tomato chromosomes 1 and 6 harbor genes for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum, encoding receptor like-proteins that perceive distinct Cladosporium fulvum effectors and trigger plant defenses. Here, we report classical mapping strategies for loci in tomato accessions that respond to Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp5, which is very sequence-monomorphic. We screened 139 wild tomato accessions for an Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response, and in five accessions, the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response segregated as a monogenic trait, mapping to distinct loci in the tomato genome. We identified at least three loci on chromosomes 1, 7 and 12 that harbor distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes in four different accessions. Our mapping showed that the Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium G1.1161 is located at the Milky Way locus. The Cf-Ecp5 in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA0722 was mapped to the bottom arm of chromosome 7, while the Cf-Ecp5 genes in Solanum lycopersicum Ontario 7522 and Solanum pimpinellifolium LA2852 were mapped to the same locus on the top arm of chromosome 12. Bi-parental crosses between accessions carrying distinct Cf-Ecp5 genes revealed putative genetically unlinked suppressors of the Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response. Our mapping also showed that Cf-11 is located on chromosome 11, close to the Cf-3 locus. The Ecp5-induced hypersensitive response is widely distributed within tomato species and is variable in strength. This novel example of convergent evolution could be used for choosing different functional Cf-Ecp5 genes according to individual plant breeding needs.

The Solanum pimpinellifolium Cf-ECP1 and Cf-ECP4 genes for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum are located at the Milky Way locus on the short arm of chromosome 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Soumpourou ◽  
Michael Iakovidis ◽  
Laetitia Chartrain ◽  
Verity Lyall ◽  
Colwyn M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Milky Way ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium

scholarly journals Specific hypersensitive response-associated recognition of new apoplastic effectors fromCladosporium fulvumin wild tomato

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Mesarich ◽  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Scott A. Griffiths ◽  
Changchun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Antimicrobial Proteins ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Leaf Apoplast ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mould

ABSTRACTTomato leaf mould disease is caused by the biotrophic fungusCladosporium fulvum. During infection,C. fulvumproduces extracellular small secreted protein (SSP) effectors that function to promote colonization of the leaf apoplast. Resistance to the disease is governed byCfimmune receptor genes that encode receptor-like proteins (RLPs). These RLPs recognize specific SSP effectors to initiate a hypersensitive response (HR) that renders the pathogen avirulent.C. fulvumstrains capable of overcoming one or more of all clonedCfgenes have now emerged. To combat these strains, newCfgenes are required. An effectoromics approach was employed to identify wild tomato accessions carrying newCfgenes. Proteomics and transcriptome sequencing were first used to identify 70 apoplasticin planta-inducedC. fulvumSSPs. Based on sequence homology, 61 of these SSPs were novel or lacked known functional domains. Seven, however, had predicted structural homology to antimicrobial proteins, suggesting a possible role in mediating antagonistic microbe−microbe interactionsin planta. Wild tomato accessions were then screened for HR-associated recognition of 41 SSPs using thePotato virus X-based transient expression system. Nine SSPs were recognized by one or more accessions, suggesting that these plants carry newCfgenes available for incorporation into cultivated tomato.

scholarly journals Threatened species in a threatened ecosystem: the conservation status of four Solanum species in the face of ongoing habitat loss

Oryx ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick J. Fensham ◽  
Jason Halford ◽  
Chris Hansen ◽  
Boris Laffineur ◽  
Billie Williams
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
The Face ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Exotic Grass

AbstractPlant biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and invasion by exotic species, but the effects of these disturbances on individual plant species are rarely quantified. Since the 1950s, brigalow Acacia harpophylla forests in Australia have been extensively cleared and converted to pastures dominated by exotic grasses. Here we assess the habitat requirements, population numbers and threats for four poorly known bush tomato species, Solanum adenophorum, Solanum dissectum, Solanum elachophyllum and Solanum johnsonianum. Herbarium records and surveys demonstrated a strong association of all four species with brigalow habitat, although S. elachophyllum also occurred in other habitat. We derived historical and current population estimates from plant densities at current sites and the area of mapped brigalow habitat. Density estimates are imprecise because the survey data vary greatly, but the assessment indicates the populations of all four species have declined > 93%. Solanum dissectum and S. johnsonianum did not persist in cleared brigalow habitat, whereas S. adenophorum and S. elachophyllum had some capacity to persist in clearings. None of the species occur where the exotic grass cover is > 40%. Between 27% and 57% of the records of the four species are in brigalow remnants with a high edge-to-area ratio or open canopy (< 50% cover), making them highly vulnerable to invasive grasses. We recommend the categorization of S. dissectum and S. johnsonianum as Critically Endangered, S. adenophorum as Vulnerable and S. elachophyllum as Near Threatened.

scholarly journals Two PR-1 Genes from Tomato Are Differentially Regulated and Reveal a Novel Mode of Expression for a Pathogenesis-Related Gene During the Hypersensitive Response and Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Tornero ◽  
José Gadea ◽  
Vicente Conejero ◽  
Pablo Vera
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Gus Gene ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins form a heterogeneous family of plant proteins that are likely to be involved in defense and are inducible by pathogen attacks. One group of PRs, represented by the subfamily PR-1, are low-molecular-weight proteins of unknown biochemical function. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of two closely related genes encoding a basic and an acidic PR-1 protein (PR1b1 and PR1a2) from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). We present a comparative study of the mode of transcriptional regulation of these two genes in transgenic tobacco plants using a series of promoter-GUS fusions. Unexpectedly, the chimeric PR1a2/GUS gene is not induced by pathogenic signals but instead shows constitutive expression with a reproducible developmental expression pattern. It is expressed in shoot meristems, trichomes, and cortical cells as well as in vascular and nearby tissues of the mature stem. This constitutive expression pattern may represent preemption of plant defenses against potential pathogens. Conversely, the chimeric PR1b1/GUS gene does not show any constitutive expression in the plant, but it is transcriptionally activated following pathogen attack. Upon infection by tobacco mosaic virus, the PR1b1 gene is strongly activated locally in tissues undergoing the hypersensitive response but not systemically in uninoculated tissues. Furthermore, its expression is induced by both salicylic acid and ethylene precursors, two signals that coexist and apparently mediate the activation of local defenses during the hypersensitive response. We speculate that the different mode of expression of the two genes presented here, together with that reported previously for the induction of other PR-1 genes in systemic, uninoculated tissues, may all be complementary and necessary for the plant to acquire an efficient refractory state to resist pathogen attacks.

Molecular aspects of avirulence genes of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 490-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre J. G. M. de Wit ◽  
Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten ◽  
Guy Honée ◽  
Paul J. M. J. Vossen ◽  
Ton J. Cozijnsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Gene For Gene

Host genotype specificity in interactions between biotrophic fungal pathogens and plants in most cases complies with the gene-for-gene model. Success or failure of infection is determined by the absence or presence of complementary genes, avirulence and resistance genes, in the pathogen and the host plant, respectively. Resistance, expressed by the induction of a hypersensitive response followed by other defence responses in the host, is envisaged to be based on recognition of the pathogen, mediated through direct interaction between products of avirulence genes of the pathogen (the so-called race-specific elicitors) and receptors in the host plant, the putative products of resistance genes. The interaction between the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum and its only host, tomato, is a model system to study fungus–plant gene-for-gene relationships. Here we review research on isolation, characterization, and biological function of two race-specific elicitors AVR4 and AVR9 of C. fulvum and cloning and regulation of their encoding genes. Key words: avirulence genes, race-specific elicitors, resistance genes, hypersensitive response, host defense responses.

scholarly journals Identification of the TMV Replicase Sequence That Activates the N Gene-Mediated Hypersensitive Response

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal S. Padgett ◽  
Yuichiro Watanabe ◽  
Roger N. Beachy
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Expression Vector ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Replicase Gene ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Replicase Protein ◽  
Gene Response ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Virus Genomes ◽  
High Degree

The N gene-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco provides a high degree of resistance against most tobamoviruses by halting the progress of infection at the site of inoculation. A previous report indicated a role for the 126/183-kDa replicase in induction of the HR in tobacco containing the N gene (H. S. Padgett and R. N. Beachy, Plant Cell 5:577-586, 1993). Chimeric virus genomes were constructed in which the genes encoding the 126/183-kDa proteins of the HR-eliciting pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and the resistance breaking tobamovirus, Ob, were exchanged. Inoculation of the chimeric viruses to leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi NN confirmed that either the replicase protein of TMV or its mRNA was responsible for induction of HR. An expression vector based on the Ob virus was used to express fragments of various replicase genes. With this approach, it was determined that the HR is caused by a portion of the replicase protein extending from amino acid 692 to 1116. Consistent with this result, Ob mutants that induce the HR on NN tobacco were found to carry mutations within the same portion of the replicase gene. The N gene-mediated HR is inactive at high temperatures, yet these mutants were able to overcome the HR at significantly lower temperatures than could TMV, indicating that the temperature sensitivity of the N gene response is manifested at the level of interaction between the virus and the defense response mechanism.

scholarly journals RNA-Seq Analysis of lncRNAs and cisNATs in the Tomato Genome

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
S. Hussain Ather
Keyword(s):  
Rna Processing ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Tomato Genome ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
And Function ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Coding Potential

Since the sequencing of the human genome, it has been revealed that the vast majority of DNA does not code for proteins. Instead, these regions of DNA produce long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have recently been reported to play important roles such as protein regulation and small RNA processing (Wilusz, Sunwoo, & Spector, 2009). The catalog and functions of lncRNAs in the ripening of tomato species (Solanum lycopersicum) are largely unknown. Similarly, the mechanisms of cis-natural antisense transcripts (cisNATs) of proximal complementary RNA strings, which function to inhibit transcription, are also poorly understood (Wang, Gaasterland, & Chua, 2005). Global issues in food production and malnutrition exacerbate the relevance of understanding these biological mechanisms central to the development of fruit. We identified certain functions of lncRNAs and cisNATs in the tomato ripening process using an RNA-Seq pipeline (Wang, Gerstein, & Snyder, 2005). Raw reads from two different stages in the tomato ripening cycle were aligned to a reference genome to test the hypothesis that there would be different expression levels for certain lncRNAs and cis-NATs between the two stages. The two stages were Mature Green, the stage in which the tomato is completely green, and Breaker, the stage in which the tomato shows initial colors of red. Then, the reads were de novo assembled, assessed for coding potential, and annotated by transcript and function. Finally, the results were filtered for lncRNAs (length > 200 bp, ORF < 100 bp, noncoding, expression value > 0) and cis-NATs (sense-antisense pairs, overlap length > 50 bp, differential splice patterns, expression value = 0). Differentially-expressed lncRNAs and cis-NATs between the two stages of development were identified, and their functions were analyzed. However, experimental evidence is necessary to confirm our findings and hypothesize models of cis-NAT mechanisms for further classification and identification.

scholarly journals The Alkene Monooxygenase from Xanthobacter Strain Py2 Is Closely Related to Aromatic Monooxygenases and Catalyzes Aromatic Monohydroxylation of Benzene, Toluene, and Phenol

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1589-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning-Yi Zhou ◽  
Alister Jenkins ◽  
Chan K. N. Chan Kwo Chion ◽  
David J. Leak
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Γ Subunit ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Α Subunits

ABSTRACT The genes encoding the six polypeptide components of the alkene monooxygenase from Xanthobacter strain Py2 (Xamo) have been located on a 4.9-kb fragment of chromosomal DNA previously cloned in cosmid pNY2. Sequencing and analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences indicate that the components of Xamo are homologous to those of the aromatic monooxygenases, toluene 2-, 3-, and 4-monooxygenase and benzene monooxygenase, and that the gene order is identical. The genes and predicted polypeptides are aamA, encoding the 497-residue oxygenase α-subunit (XamoA); aamB, encoding the 88-residue oxygenase γ-subunit (XamoB); aamC, encoding the 122-residue ferredoxin (XamoC); aamD, encoding the 101-residue coupling or effector protein (XamoD); aamE, encoding the 341-residue oxygenase β-subunit (XamoE); andaamF, encoding the 327-residue reductase (XamoF). A sequence with >60% concurrence with the consensus sequence of ς54 (RpoN)-dependent promoters was identified upstream of the aamA gene. Detailed comparison of XamoA with the oxygenase α-subunits from aromatic monooxygenases, phenol hydroxylases, methane monooxygenase, and the alkene monooxygenase fromRhodococcus rhodochrous B276 showed that, despite the overall similarity to the aromatic monooxygenases, XamoA has some distinctive characteristics of the oxygenases which oxidize aliphatic, and particularly alkene, substrates. On the basis of the similarity between Xamo and the aromatic monooxygenases, Xanthobacterstrain Py2 was tested and shown to oxidize benzene, toluene, and phenol, while the alkene monooxygenase-negative mutants NZ1 and NZ2 did not. Benzene was oxidized to phenol, which accumulated transiently before being further oxidized. Toluene was oxidized to a mixture ofo-, m-, and p-cresols (39.8, 18, and 41.7%, respectively) and a small amount (0.5%) of benzyl alcohol, none of which were further oxidized. In growth studiesXanthobacter strain Py2 was found to grow on phenol and catechol but not on benzene or toluene; growth on phenol required a functional alkene monooxygenase. However, there is no evidence of genes encoding steps in the metabolism of catechol in the vicinity of theaam gene cluster. This suggests that the inducer specificity of the alkene monooxygenase may have evolved to benefit from the naturally broad substrate specificity of this class of monooxygenase and the ability of the host strain to grow on catechol.

scholarly journals The Sm Gene Conferring Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot Disease Encodes a NBS-LRR Plant Resistance Protein in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Yang ◽  
Hexuan Wang ◽  
Jingbin Jiang ◽  
Minmin Du ◽  
Jingfu Li
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Resistance Protein ◽  
Strong Candidate

Abstract Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by Stemphylium lycopersici (S. lycopersici), is one of the most devastating diseases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The resistance (R) gene, Sm, conferring high resistance to S. lycopersici, was introgressed into cultivated tomatoes from the wild tomato species Solanum pimpinellifolium (S. pimpinellifolium). Recently, several studies reported the mapping of the Sm gene. To date, however, it has not been cloned yet. Here, we cloned this resistance gene using a map-based cloning strategy. The Sm gene was mapped in a 160 kb interval of Chromosome 11 between two markers, M390 and M410, by using an F2 population from a cross between the resistant cultivar ‘Motelle’ (Mt) and susceptible line ‘Moneymaker’ (Mm). Three clustered NBS-LRR resistance genes, Solyc11g020080 (R1), Solyc11g020090 (R2) and Solyc11g020100 (R3) were identified in this interval. Nonsynonymous SNPs were identified only in the ORF of R3, supporting it may be a strong candidate gene for Sm. Furthermore, gene silencing of R3 abolished the high resistance to S. lycopersici in Motelle, demonstrating that it is the gene that confers high resistance to S. lycopersici. The clone of Sm gene will provide new opportunities for innovative breeding strategies to breed multi-resistant tomato cultivars.

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