scholarly journals Sleep homeostasis reflects temporally integrated local cortical neuronal activity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Thomas ◽  
Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin ◽  
Laura E. McKillop ◽  
Peter Achermann ◽  
Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Wake State ◽  
Relevant Quantity

AbstractThe homeostatic regulation of sleep manifests as a relative constancy of its daily amount and intensity. Theoretical descriptions of this phenomenon define “Process S”, a variable with dynamics dependent only on sleep-wake history, whose levels are reflected in electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (0.5 – 4 Hz) during sleep. Here we developed novel mathematical models of Process S in mice, assuming that its dynamics are a function of the deviation of cortical neuronal firing rates from a locally defined set-point, crucially without explicit knowledge of sleep-wake state. Our results suggest that Process S tracks global sleep-wake history through an integration of local cortical neuronal activity levels over time. We posit that, instead of reflecting sleep-wake-dependent changes in specific variables and serving their homeostatic regulation, Process S may be a time-keeping mechanism which enables individuals to obtain a species-specific and ecologically-relevant quantity of sleep, even in the absence of external temporal information.

scholarly journals Global sleep homeostasis reflects temporally and spatially integrated local cortical neuronal activity

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W Thomas ◽  
Mathilde CC Guillaumin ◽  
Laura E McKillop ◽  
Peter Achermann ◽  
Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Daily Amount ◽  
Local Process ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Wake State

Sleep homeostasis manifests as a relative constancy of its daily amount and intensity. Theoretical descriptions define ‘Process S’, a variable with dynamics dependent on global sleep-wake history, and reflected in electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5–4 Hz) during sleep. The notion of sleep as a local, activity-dependent process suggests that activity history must be integrated to determine the dynamics of global Process S. Here, we developed novel mathematical models of Process S based on cortical activity recorded in freely behaving mice, describing local Process S as a function of the deviation of neuronal firing rates from a locally defined set-point, independent of global sleep-wake state. Averaging locally derived Processes S and their rate parameters yielded values resembling those obtained from EEG SWA and global vigilance states. We conclude that local Process S dynamics reflects neuronal activity integrated over time, and global Process S reflects local processes integrated over space.

scholarly journals α-Synuclein-induced dysregulation of neuronal activity contributes to murine dopamine neuron vulnerability

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Dagra ◽  
Douglas R. Miller ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Adithya Gopinath ◽  
Fatemeh Shaerzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Therapeutic Implications

AbstractPathophysiological damages and loss of function of dopamine neurons precede their demise and contribute to the early phases of Parkinson’s disease. The presence of aberrant intracellular pathological inclusions of the protein α-synuclein within ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is one of the cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease. We employed molecular biology, electrophysiology, and live-cell imaging to investigate how excessive α-synuclein expression alters multiple characteristics of dopaminergic neuronal dynamics and dopamine transmission in cultured dopamine neurons conditionally expressing GCaMP6f. We found that overexpression of α-synuclein in mouse (male and female) dopaminergic neurons altered neuronal firing properties, calcium dynamics, dopamine release, protein expression, and morphology. Moreover, prolonged exposure to the D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole, rescues many of the alterations induced by α-synuclein overexpression. These studies demonstrate that α-synuclein dysregulation of neuronal activity contributes to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons and that modulation of D2 receptor activity can ameliorate the pathophysiology. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the insidious changes in dopaminergic neuronal activity and neuronal loss that characterize Parkinson’s disease progression with significant therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Epileptogenesis due to glia-mediated synaptic scaling

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (37) ◽  
pp. 655-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Savin ◽  
Jochen Triesch ◽  
Michael Meyer-Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
Synaptic Scaling ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Potential Interactions

Homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity is fundamental for the stable functioning of the cerebral cortex. One form of homeostatic synaptic scaling has been recently shown to be mediated by glial cells that interact with neurons through the diffusible messenger tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Interestingly, TNF-α is also used by the immune system as a pro-inflammatory messenger, suggesting potential interactions between immune system signalling and the homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity. We present the first computational model of neuron–glia interaction in TNF-α-mediated synaptic scaling. The model shows how under normal conditions the homeostatic mechanism is effective in balancing network activity. After chronic immune activation or TNF-α overexpression by glia, however, the network develops seizure-like activity patterns. This may explain why under certain conditions brain inflammation increases the risk of seizures. Additionally, the model shows that TNF-α diffusion may be responsible for epileptogenesis after localized brain lesions.

scholarly journals Ant-mediated seed dispersal in a warmed world

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine L. Stuble ◽  
Courtney M. Patterson ◽  
Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal ◽  
Relena R. Ribbons ◽  
Robert R. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Seed Removal ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Species Specific

Climate change affects communities both directly and indirectly via changes in interspecific interactions. One such interaction that may be altered under climate change is the ant-plant seed dispersal mutualism common in deciduous forests of the eastern US. As climatic warming alters the abundance and activity levels of ants, the potential exists for shifts in rates of ant-mediated seed removal. We used an experimental temperature manipulation at two sites in the eastern US (Harvard Forest in Massachusetts and Duke Forest in North Carolina) to examine the potential impacts of climatic warming on overall rates of seed dispersal (using Asarum canadense seeds) as well as species-specific rates of seed dispersal at the Duke Forest site. We also examined the relationship between ant critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and the mean seed removal temperature for each ant species. We found that seed removal rates did not change as a result of experimental warming at either study site, nor were there any changes in species-specific rates of seed dispersal. There was, however, a positive relationship between CTmax and mean seed removal temperature, whereby species with higher CTmax removed more seeds at hotter temperatures. The temperature at which seeds were removed was influenced by experimental warming as well as diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that while temperature may play a role in regulating seed removal by ants, ant plant seed-dispersal mutualisms may be more robust to climate change than currently assumed.

Parkinsonism Differently Affects the Single Neuronal Activity in the Primary and Supplementary Motor Areas in Monkeys: An Investigation in Linear and Nonlinear Domains

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Darbin ◽  
Nobuhiko Hatanaka ◽  
Sayuki Takara ◽  
Nobuya Kaneko ◽  
Satomi Chiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Rate Oscillations ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Single Neuronal Activity

The changes in neuronal firing activity in the primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) were compared in monkeys rendered parkinsonian by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. The neuronal dynamic was characterized using mathematical tools defined in different frameworks (rate, oscillations or complex patterns). Then, and for each cortical area, multivariate and discriminate analyses were further performed on these features to identify those important to differentiate between the normal and the pathological neuronal activity. Our results show a different order in the importance of the features to discriminate the pathological state in each cortical area which suggests that the M1 and the SMA exhibit dissimilarities in their neuronal alterations induced by parkinsonism. Our findings highlight the need for multiple mathematical frameworks to best characterize the pathological neuronal activity related to parkinsonism. Future translational studies are warranted to investigate the causal relationships between cortical region-specificities, dominant pathological hallmarks and symptoms.

Lipopolysaccharide effects on neuronal activity in rat basal forebrain and hypothalamus during sleep and waking

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. R620-R627
Author(s):  
Xinzheng Xi ◽  
Linda A. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with alterations in sleep and the electroencephalogram. To evaluate potential neuronal mechanisms for the somnogenic effects of LPS administration, we used unanesthetized rats to survey the firing patterns of neurons in various regions of rat basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamus during spontaneous sleep and waking and during the epochs of sleep and waking that occurred after the intraperitoneal administration of LPS. In the brain regions studied, LPS administration was associated with altered firing rates in 39% of the neurons examined. A larger proportion of LPS-responsive units showed vigilance-related alterations in firing rates compared with nonresponsive units. Approximately equal proportions of LPS-responsive neurons showed increased and decreased firing rates after LPS administration, with some units in the lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus showing particularly robust increases. These findings are consistent with other studies showing vigilance-related changes in neuronal activity in various regions of BF and hypothalamus and further demonstrate that peripheral LPS administration alters neuronal firing rates in these structures during both sleep and waking.

scholarly journals Dorsolateral subthalamic neuronal activity enhanced by median nerve stimulation characterizes Parkinson’s disease during deep brain stimulation with general anesthesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1394-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Tzung Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yi Chuang ◽  
Chung-Chih Kuo ◽  
Paul C. P. Chao ◽  
Tsung-Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Median Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Deep Brain

OBJECT Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery under general anesthesia is an alternative option for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, few studies are available that report whether neuronal firing can be accurately recorded during this condition. In this study the authors attempted to characterize the neuronal activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and elucidate the influence of general anesthetics on neurons during DBS surgery in patients with PD. The benefit of median nerve stimulation (MNS) for localization of the dorsolateral subterritory of the STN, which is involved in sensorimotor function, was explored. METHODS Eight patients with PD were anesthetized with desflurane and underwent contralateral MNS at the wrist during microelectrode recording of the STN. The authors analyzed the spiking patterns and power spectral density (PSD) of the background activity along each penetration track and determined the spatial correlation to the target location, estimated mated using standard neurophysiological procedures. RESULTS The dorsolateral STN spiking pattern showed a more prominent bursting pattern without MNS and more oscillation with MNS. In terms of the neural oscillation of the background activity, beta-band oscillation dominated within the sensorimotor STN and showed significantly more PSD during MNS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Neuronal firing within the STN could be accurately identified and differentiated when patients with PD received general anesthetics. Median nerve stimulation can enhance the neural activity in beta-band oscillations, which can be used as an index to ensure optimal electrode placement via successfully tracked dorsolateral STN topography.

scholarly journals Phasic Neuronal Firing in the Rodent Nucleus of the Solitary Tract ex vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Chrobok ◽  
Michal Wojcik ◽  
Jasmin Daniela Klich ◽  
Kamil Pradel ◽  
Marian Henryk Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
Vasopressin Neurons

Phasic pattern of neuronal activity has been previously described in detail for magnocellular vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. This characteristic bistable pattern consists of alternating periods of electrical silence and elevated neuronal firing, implicated in neuropeptide release. Here, with the use of multi-electrode array recordings ex vivo, we aimed to study the firing pattern of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) – the brainstem hub for homeostatic, cardio-vascular, and metabolic processes. Our recordings from the mouse and rat hindbrain slices reveal the phasic activity pattern to be displayed by a subset of neurons in the dorsomedial NTS subjacent to the area postrema (AP), with the inter-spike interval distribution closely resembling that reported for phasic magnocellular vasopressin cells. Additionally, we provide interspecies comparison, showing higher phasic frequency and firing rate of phasic NTS cells in mice compared to rats. Further, we describe daily changes in their firing rate and pattern, peaking at the middle of the night. Last, we reveal these phasic cells to be sensitive to α2 adrenergic receptors activation and to respond to electrical stimulation of the AP. This study provides a comprehensive description of the phasic neuronal activity in the rodent NTS and identifies it as a potential downstream target of the AP noradrenergic system.

scholarly journals Genetic lesioning of histamine neurons increases sleep–wake fragmentation and reveals their contribution to modafinil-induced wakefulness

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Ying Ma ◽  
Edward C Harding ◽  
Raquel Yustos ◽  
Alexei L Vyssotski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Histidine Decarboxylase ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Delta Power ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Wake State

Abstract Acute chemogenetic inhibition of histamine (HA) neurons in adult mice induced nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep with an increased delta power. By contrast, selective genetic lesioning of HA neurons with caspase in adult mice exhibited a normal sleep–wake cycle overall, except at the diurnal start of the lights-off period, when they remained sleepier. The amount of time spent in NREM sleep and in the wake state in mice with lesioned HA neurons was unchanged over 24 hr, but the sleep–wake cycle was more fragmented. Both the delayed increase in wakefulness at the start of the night and the sleep–wake fragmentation are similar phenotypes to histidine decarboxylase knockout mice, which cannot synthesize HA. Chronic loss of HA neurons did not affect sleep homeostasis after sleep deprivation. However, the chronic loss of HA neurons or chemogenetic inhibition of HA neurons did notably reduce the ability of the wake-promoting compound modafinil to sustain wakefulness. Thus, part of modafinil’s wake-promoting actions arise through the HA system.

Peripheral gastric leptin modulates brain stem neuronal activity in neonates

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. G626-G630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan ◽  
Anoja S. Attele ◽  
Ji An Wu ◽  
Liu Zhang ◽  
Zhi Q. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Afferent sensory fibers are the primary neuroanatomic link between nutrient-related events in the gastrointestinal tract and the central neural substrates that modulate ingestion. In this study, we evaluated the peripheral gastric effects of leptin (OB protein) on brain stem neuronal activities using an in vitro neonatal rat preparation. We also tested gastric leptin effects as a function of age in neonates. For ∼33% of the nucleus tractus solitarius units observed, gastric leptin (10 nM) produced a significant activation of 188.2 ± 8.6% (mean ± SE) compared with the control level of 100% ( P < 0.01). Concentration-dependent leptin effects have also been shown. The remaining neurons (67%) had no significant response to gastric leptin application. Next, we evaluated the peripheral gastric effects of leptin (10 nM) on brain stem unitary activity in three different age groups (1–2 days old, 3–5 days old, and 7–8 days old) of neonatal rats. In the 1- to 2-day-old and the 3- to 5-day-old groups, we observed that response ratios and activity levels were similar. However, there was a significant difference between the 7- to 8-day-old group and the two younger age groups in both the response ratios and the activation levels. The percentage of activation responses increased from ∼26% in the 1- to 2-day-old and the 4- to 5-day-old age groups to 70% in the 7- to 8-day-old group ( P < 0.05). The level of activation increased from 168.3 ± 2.7% (compared with the control level) in the 1- to 2-day-old and the 4- to 5-day-old age groups to 231.4 ± 11.9% in the 7- to 8-day-old group ( P < 0.01). Our data demonstrate that peripheral gastric leptin modulates brain stem neuronal activity and suggest that gastric leptin has a significantly stronger effect in the 7- to 8-day-old animals than in the younger neonates.

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