scholarly journals Manner of death and demographic effects on microbial community composition in organs of the human cadaver

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Lutz ◽  
Alexandria Vangelatos ◽  
Neil Gottel ◽  
Emily Speed ◽  
Antonio Osculati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Inverse Results ◽  
Organ Tissue

AbstractThe microbiome serves important functions in human health, and postmortem, the microbial signatures of colonized organ tissue could be useful in helping to predict the manner of death in cases where this information is not known. We surveyed the microbiota (16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing) of 265 organ tissue samples including liver, blood, brain, heart, prostate, spleen and uterus from cadavers in Italy, Finland and the United States with confirmed manners of death comprising either accidental death, natural death, homicide, and suicide. Geographic locality (i.e. nationality) had a strong effect on observed microbial composition. Differing PERMANOVA results between unweighted and weighted UniFrac (nearly inverse results) suggest that specific bacteria may be associated with ethnicity and age, but that these differences are negligible when taking into account the relative abundance of bacterial taxa; weighted UniFrac measures suggest that although taxonomic composition may not vary significantly between different manners of death, PMI, or BMI categories, the relative abundance of specific taxa vary significantly. Various tissues exhibit differential associations with bacteria, and prostate and uterus were substantially different compared to other organs. For example, in Italian cadavers, the bacteria MLE1-12 permeated nearly all tissues, except the prostate and uterus. We identified specific bacterial ASVs as biomarkers of either natural or accidental death and suicide, but not for homicide. While the manner of death may have an impact on microbial associations, further investigation under more controlled conditions will be needed to validate whether these associations are predictive in forensic determinations.ImportanceThe utilization of microbial data in the context of forensic investigations holds great promise for the field of forensic science. Identification of taxa that are associated with postmortem interval (PMI), specific manners of death (MOD), or other traits such as age, sex, ethnicity, and nationality may allow investigators to refine the circumstantial details surrounding the death of an individual. In this study we find nationality (geographic location of cadaver) to be a dominant predictor of cadaver microbiome composition. We also identify a number of cadaver-specific traits to be associated with microbial alpha- and beta diversity, as well as bacterial taxa that are differentially associated with these traits.

scholarly journals PSI-10 Establishing a foundation to harvest the potential of the microbiome in poultry production

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 293-294
Author(s):  
Camila S Marcolla ◽  
Benjamin Willing
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to characterize poultry microbiota composition in commercial farms using 16S rRNA sequencing. Animals raised in sanitized environments have lower survival rates when facing pathogenic challenges compared to animals naturally exposed to commensal organisms. We hypothesized that intensive rearing practices inadvertently impair chicken exposure to microbes and the establishment of a balanced gut microbiota. We compared gut microbiota composition of broilers (n = 78) and layers (n = 20) from different systems, including commercial intensive farms with and without in-feed antibiotics, organic free-range farms, backyard-raised chickens and chickens in an experimental farm. Microbial community composition of conventionally raised broilers was significantly different from antibiotic-free broilers (P = 0.012), from broilers raised outdoors (P = 0.048) and in an experimental farm (P = 0.006) (Fig1). Significant community composition differences were observed between antibiotic-fed and antibiotic-free chickens (Fig2). Antibiotic-free chickens presented higher alpha-diversity, higher relative abundance of Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, and lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales than antibiotic-fed chickens (P < 0.001) (Fig3). Microbial community composition significantly changed as birds aged. In experimental farm, microbial community composition was significant different for 7, 21 and 35 day old broilers (P < 0.001), and alpha diversity increased from 7 to 21d (P < 0.024), but not from 21 to 35d; whereas, in organic systems, increases in alpha-diversity were observed from 7d to 21d, and from 21d to 35d (P < 0.05). Broilers and layers raised together showed no differences in microbiota composition and alpha diversity (P > 0.8). It is concluded that production practices consistently impact microbial composition, and that antibiotics significantly reduces microbial diversity. We are now exploring the impact of differential colonization in a controlled setting, to determine the impact of the microbes associated with extensively raised chickens. This study will support future research and the development of methods to isolate and introduce beneficial microbes to commercial systems.

scholarly journals Switchgrass ecotypes alter microbial contribution to deep-soil C

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Roosendaal ◽  
Catherine E. Stewart ◽  
Karolien Denef ◽  
Ronald F. Follett ◽  
Elizabeth Pruessner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a C4, perennial grass that is being developed as a bioenergy crop for the United States. While aboveground biomass production is well documented for switchgrass ecotypes (lowland, upland), little is known about the impact of plant belowground productivity on microbial communities down deep in the soil profiles. Microbial dynamics in deeper soils are likely to exert considerable control on ecosystem services, including C and nutrient cycles, due to their involvement in such processes as soil formation and ecosystem biogeochemistry. Differences in root biomass and rooting characteristics of switchgrass ecotypes could lead to distinct differences in belowground microbial biomass and microbial community composition. We quantified root abundance and root architecture and the associated microbial abundance, composition, and rhizodeposit C uptake for two switchgrass ecotypes using stable-isotope probing of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after 13CO2 pulse–chase labeling. Kanlow, a lowland ecotype with thicker roots, had greater plant biomass above- and belowground (g m−2), greater root mass density (mg cm−3), and lower specific root length (m g−1) compared to Summer, an upland ecotype with finer root architecture. The relative abundance of bacterial biomarkers dominated microbial PLFA profiles for soils under both Kanlow and Summer (55.4 and 53.5 %, respectively; P  =  0.0367), with differences attributable to a greater relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria in soils under Kanlow (18.1 %) compared to soils under Summer (16.3 %; P  =  0.0455). The two ecotypes also had distinctly different microbial communities process rhizodeposit C: greater relative atom % 13C excess in Gram-negative bacteria (44.1 ± 2.3 %) under the thicker roots of Kanlow and greater relative atom % 13C excess in saprotrophic fungi under the thinner roots of Summer (48.5 ± 2.2 %). For bioenergy production systems, variation between switchgrass ecotypes could alter microbial communities and impact C sequestration and storage as well as potentially other belowground processes.

scholarly journals Alternative dietary protein and water temperature influence the skin and gut microbial communities of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8705
Author(s):  
Jack Horlick ◽  
Mark A. Booth ◽  
Sasha G. Tetu
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Yellowtail Kingfish ◽  
Seriola Lalandi ◽  
Skin Mucosa

Fish skin and gut microbiomes contribute to host health and growth and are often significantly different in aquaculture-reared fish compared to wild fish. Determining how factors associated with aquaculture, including altered diet and abiotic conditions, affect the microbiome will assist with optimizing farming practices and non-invasively assessing fish health. Here, juvenile yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) housed at optimal (22 °C) and non-optimal (26 °C) water temperature were fed a fishmeal control diet or the same diet substituted with 30% soy-protein concentrate (SPC) in order to investigate impacts on host health and the microbial community composition of the skin mucosa, gut mucosa and digesta. Each of these sites was observed to have a distinct microbiome composition. The combination of SPC and housing at 26 °C significantly reduced weight gain in yellowtail kingfish and affected immune parameters. The overall microbial composition and relative abundance of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was also significantly altered by inclusion of SPC at 26 °C, with a notable increase in an OTU identified as Photobacterium in the skin mucosa and digesta. Increased relative abundance of Photobacterium sp. was significantly correlated with reduced levels of digesta myeloperoxidase in yellowtail kingfish; a recognized innate immunity defense mechanism. The changes in the microbial communities of yellowtail kingfish fed a diet containing 30% SPC at 26 °C highlights the importance of considering the interactive effects of diet and environmental factors on microbiome health in farmed yellowtail kingfish.

scholarly journals CoMiniGut—a small volumein vitrocolon model for the screening of gut microbial fermentation processes

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wiese ◽  
Bekzod Khakimov ◽  
Sebastian Nielsen ◽  
Helena Sørensen ◽  
Frans van den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Working Volume

Driven by the growing recognition of the influence of the gut microbiota (GM) on human health and disease, there is a rapidly increasing interest in understanding how dietary components, pharmaceuticals and pre- and probiotics influence GM.In vitrocolon models represent an attractive tool for this purpose. With the dual objective of facilitating the investigation of rare and expensive compounds, as well as an increased throughput, we have developed a prototypein vitroparallel gut microbial fermentation screening tool with a working volume of only 5 ml consisting of five parallel reactor units that can be expanded with multiples of five to increase throughput. This allows e.g., the investigation of interpersonal variations in gut microbial dynamics and the acquisition of larger data sets with enhanced statistical inference. The functionality of thein vitrocolon model, Copenhagen MiniGut (CoMiniGut) was first demonstrated in experiments with two common prebiotics using the oligosaccharide inulin and the disaccharide lactulose at 1% (w/v). We then investigated fermentation of the scarce and expensive human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 3-Fucosyllactose, 3-Sialyllactose, 6-Sialyllactose and the more common Fructooligosaccharide in fermentations with infant gut microbial communities. Investigations of microbial community composition dynamics in the CoMiniGut reactors by MiSeq-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing showed excellent experimental reproducibility and allowed us to extract significant differences in gut microbial composition after 24 h of fermentation for all investigated substrates and fecal donors. Furthermore, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified for all treatments and donors. Fermentations with inulin and lactulose showed that inulin leads to a microbiota dominated by obligate anaerobes, with high relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, while the more easily fermented lactulose leads to higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The subsequent study on the influence of HMOs on two infant GM communities, revealed the strongest bifidogenic effect for 3′SL for both infants. Inter-individual differences of infant GM, especially with regards to the occurrence of Bacteroidetes and differences in bifidobacterial species composition, correlated with varying degrees of HMO utilization foremost of 6′SL and 3′FL, indicating species and strain related differences in HMO utilization which was also reflected in SCFAs concentrations, with 3′SL and 6′SL resulting in significantly higher butyrate production compared to 3′FL. In conclusion, the increased throughput of CoMiniGut strengthens experimental conclusions through elimination of statistical interferences originating from low number of repetitions. Its small working volume moreover allows the investigation of rare and expensive bioactives.

scholarly journals Switchgrass ecotypes alter microbial contribution to deep soil C

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Roosendaal ◽  
Catherine E. Stewart ◽  
Karolien Denef ◽  
Ronald F. Follett ◽  
Elizabeth Pruessner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a C4, perennial grass that is being developed as a bioenergy crop for the United States. While aboveground biomass production is well documented for switchgrass ecotypes (lowland, upland), little is known about the impact of plant belowground productivity on microbial communities down deep in the soil profiles. Differences in root biomass and rooting characteristics of switchgrass ecotypes could lead to distinct differences in belowground microbial biomass and microbial community composition. We quantified root biomass and root architecture and the associated microbial abundance, composition and rhizodeposit C uptake for two switchgrass cultivars using stable isotope probing of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) after 13CO2 pulse-chase labeling. Kanlow, a lowland cultivar with thicker roots, had greater plant biomass above- and belowground, greater root mass density, and lower specific root length compared to Summer, an upland cultivar with finer root architecture. The relative abundance of bacterial biomarkers dominated microbial PLFA profiles for both Kanlow and Summer soils (55.4% and 53.5%, respectively), with differences attributable to a greater relative abundance of gram-negative bacteria in Kanlow soils (18.1%) compared to Summer soils (16.3%). The two ecotypes also had distinctly different microbial communities process rhizode posit C; greater relative atom % 13C excess in gram-negative bacteria (44.1 ± 2.3%) under the thicker roots of Kanlow and greater relative atom % 13C excess saprotrophic fungi under the thinner roots of Summer (48.5 ± 2.2%). For bioenergy production systems, variation between switchgrass ecotypes could alter microbial communities and impact C sequestration and storage as well as potentially other belowground processes.

Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Roy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
Regional Dynamics ◽  
Second Intifada

Many in the United States and Israel believe that Hamas is nothing but a terrorist organization, and that its social sector serves merely to recruit new supporters for its violent agenda. Based on extensive fieldwork in the Gaza Strip and West Bank during the critical period of the Oslo peace process, this book shows how the social service activities sponsored by the Islamist group emphasized not political violence but rather community development and civic restoration. The book demonstrates how Islamic social institutions in Gaza and the West Bank advocated a moderate approach to change that valued order and stability, not disorder and instability; were less dogmatically Islamic than is often assumed; and served people who had a range of political outlooks and no history of acting collectively in support of radical Islam. These institutions attempted to create civic communities, not religious congregations. They reflected a deep commitment to stimulate a social, cultural, and moral renewal of the Muslim community, one couched not only—or even primarily—in religious terms. Vividly illustrating Hamas's unrecognized potential for moderation, accommodation, and change, the book also traces critical developments in Hamas' social and political sectors through the Second Intifada to today, and offers an assessment of the current, more adverse situation in the occupied territories. The Oslo period held great promise that has since been squandered. This book argues for more enlightened policies by the United States and Israel, ones that reflect Hamas' proven record of nonviolent community building. A new afterword discusses how Hamas has been affected by changing regional dynamics and by recent economic and political events in Gaza, including failed attempts at reconciliation with Fatah.

scholarly journals Complications of drowning: A case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 284-8
Author(s):  
Felicia Anita Wijaya ◽  
I Gde Doddy Kurnia Indrawan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Death By Drowning

Unintentional drowning is the sixth most common cause of accidental death, accounting for 4,086 deaths (1.4 per 100,000) in the United States in 2007.1 In children, drowning is the second leading cause of injury-related death, and those aged 1–3 years have the highest rate of drowning.2 More than 1,400 pediatric drownings were reported in the United States in 2008.3 Many drowning deaths are due to lack of supervision in the bathtub, unprotected access to a pool, or lack of swimming skills.3 For every death by drowning, six children are hospitalized for drowning, and up to 10% of survivors experience severe brain damage.2

scholarly journals Association between colorectal cancer and Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis bacteria in Iranian patients: a preliminary study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Shariati ◽  
Shabnam Razavi ◽  
Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad ◽  
Behnaz Jahanbin ◽  
Abolfazl Akbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Clinicopathologic Characteristics ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Adjacent Normal Mucosa ◽  
Iranian Patients

Abstract Background and aim Recent studies have proposed that commensal bacteria might be involved in the development and progression of gastrointestinal disorders such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, in this study, the relative abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in CRC tissues, and their association with clinicopathologic characteristics of CRC was investigated in Iranian patients. Moreover, the role of these bacteria in the CRC-associated mutations including PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF was studied. Method To these ends, the noted bacteria were quantified in paired tumors and normal tissue specimens of 30 CRC patients, by TaqMan quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Next, possible correlations between clinicopathologic factors and mutations in PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF genes were analyzed. Results In studied samples, B. fragilis was the most abundant bacteria that was detected in 66 and 60% of paired tumor and normal samples, respectively. Furthermore, 15% of the B. fragilis-positive patients were infected with Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) in both adenocarcinoma and matched adjacent normal samples. F. nucleatum was also identified in 23% of tumors and 13% of adjacent normal tissue samples. Moreover, the relative abundance of these bacteria determined by 2-ΔCT was significantly higher in CRC samples than in adjacent normal mucosa (p < 0.05). On the other hand, our findings indicated that S. gallolyticus and EPEC, compared to adjacent normal mucosa, were not prevalent in CRC tissues. Finally, our results revealed a correlation between F. nucleatum-positive patients and the KRAS mutation (p = 0.02), while analyses did not show any association between bacteria and mutation in PIK3CA and BRAF genes. Conclusion The present study is the first report on the analysis of different bacteria in CRC tissue samples of Iranian patients. Our findings revealed that F. nucleatum and B. fragilis might be linked to CRC. However, any link between gut microbiome dysbiosis and CRC remains unknown.

scholarly journals Metatranscriptomic analysis of colonic microbiota’s functional response to different dietary fibers in growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Rongying Xu ◽  
Menglan Jia ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Colonic Microbiota

Abstract Background Dietary fibers are widely considered to be beneficial to health as they produce nutrients through gut microbial fermentation while facilitating weight management and boosting gut health. To date, the gene expression profiles of the carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that respond to different types of fibers (raw potato starch, RPS; inulin, INU; pectin, PEC) in the gut microbes of pigs are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the functional response of colonic microbiota to different dietary fibers in pigs through metatranscriptomic analysis. Results The results showed that the microbial composition and CAZyme structure of the three experimental groups changed significantly compared with the control group (CON). Based on a comparative analysis with the control diet, RPS increased the abundance of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Alloprevotella but decreased Sutterella; INU increased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Rhodococcus but decreased Bacillus; and PEC increased the relative abundance of the Streptococcus and Bacteroidetes groups but decreased Clostridium, Clostridioides, Intestinibacter, Gemmiger, Muribaculum and Vibrio. The gene expression of CAZymes GH8, GH14, GH24, GH38, GT14, GT31, GT77 and GT91 downregulated but that of GH77, GH97, GT3, GT10 and GT27 upregulated in the RPS diet group; the gene expression of AA4, AA7, GH14, GH15, GH24, GH26, GH27, GH38, GH101, GT26, GT27 and GT38 downregulated in the INU group; and the gene expression of PL4, AA1, GT32, GH18, GH37, GH101 and GH112 downregulated but that of CE14, AA3, AA12, GH5, GH102 and GH103 upregulated in the PEC group. Compared with the RPS and INU groups, the composition of colonic microbiota in the PEC group exhibited more diverse changes with the variation of CAZymes and Streptococcus as the main contributor to CBM61, which greatly promoted the digestion of pectin. Conclusion The results of this exploratory study provided a comprehensive overview of the effects of different fibers on nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota and CAZymes in pig colon, which will furnish new insights into the impacts of the use of dietary fibers on animal and human health.

scholarly journals Impact of the gut microbiome on the atorvastatin-dependent modulation of the serum lipidome

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Roessler ◽  
F Zimmermann ◽  
D Schmidt ◽  
U Escher ◽  
A Jasina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Atorvastatin Treatment ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Regulatory Properties

Abstract Background and aims The modulation of serum lipids, in particular of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), by statins varies between individuals. The mechanisms regulating this interindividual variation are only poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relation between the gut microbiome and the regulatory properties of atorvastatin on the serum lipidome using mice with depleted gut microbiome. Methods Over a period of 6 weeks, mice (C57BL/6) with either an intact (conventional mice, CONV, n=24) or antibiotic-based depleted gut microbiome (antibiotic treated mice, ABS, n=16) were put on standard chow diet (SCD) or high fat diet (HFD), respectively. During the last 4 weeks of treatment atorvastatin (Ator, 10mg/kg body weight/day) or control vehicle was administered via daily oral gavage. Blood lipids (total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL-C, HDL-C) and serum sphingolipids were compared among the groups. The expressions of hepatic and intestinal genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Alterations in the gut microbiota profile of mice with intact gut microbiome were examined using 16S RNA qRT-PCR. Results In CONV mice, HFD led to significantly increased blood LDL-C levels as compared with SCD (HFD: 36.8±1.4 mg/dl vs. SCD: 22.0±1.8 mg/dl; P&lt;0.01). In CONV mice atorvastatin treatment significantly reduced blood LDL-C levels after HFD, whereas in ABS mice the LDL-C lowering effect of atorvastatin was markedly attenuated (CONV+HFD+Ator: 31.0±1.8 mg/dl vs. ABS+HFD+Ator: 46.4±3 mg/dl; P&lt;0.01). A significant reduction in the abundance of several plasma lipids, in particular sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids upon atorvastatin treatment was observed in CONV mice, but not in ABS mice. The expressions of distinct hepatic and intestinal cholesterol-regulating genes (ldlr, srebp2, pcsk9 and npc1l1) upon atorvastatin treatment were significantly altered in gut microbiota depleted mice. In response to HFD a decrease in the relative abundance of the bacterial phyla Bacteroides and an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes was observed. The altered ratio between Bacteroides and Firmicutes in HFD fed mice was partly reversed upon atorvastatin treatment. Conclusions Our findings indicate a crucial role of the gut microbiome for the regulatory properties of atorvastatin on the serum lipidome and, in turn, support a critical impact of atorvastatin on the gut microbial composition. The results provide novel insights into potential microbiota related mechanisms underlying interindividual variation in modulation of the serum lipidome by statins, given interindividual differences in microbiome composition and function. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): German Heart Research Foundation

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