scholarly journals Detection of Enterovirus D68 in wastewater samples from the United Kingdom during outbreaks reported globally between 2015 and 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Majumdar ◽  
Thomas Wilton ◽  
Yara Hajarha ◽  
Dimitra Klapsa ◽  
Javier Martin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Acute Flaccid Myelitis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTDetection of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in wastewater samples from the UK between December 2014 and December 2018 showed a marked seasonal distribution with a high proportion of samples containing EV-D68 during periods when identification of this virus in clinical samples was most common. This includes a recent upsurge of EV-D68 detection in respiratory samples from the United Kingdom between August and December 2018 associated with cases of acute flaccid myelitis, following similar reports in the USA. Phylogenetic analysis of EV-D68 sewage strains demonstrated that strains belonging to distinct genetic clades followed the same temporal distribution as that observed for EV-D68 clinical strains in the UK and that they showed very close genetic relationship with EV-D68 strains circulating elsewhere in the world during the same periods. The results demonstrated a clear association between detecting EV-D68 in wastewater and finding it in clinical samples which was somehow unexpected given that EV-D68 is rarely detected in stool samples. We conclude that the use of environmental surveillance is a valuable tool to detect and monitor outbreaks due to EV-68 infection.

scholarly journals Detection of Enterovirus D68 in Wastewater Samples from the UK between July and November 2021

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Alison Tedcastle ◽  
Thomas Wilton ◽  
Elaine Pegg ◽  
Dimitra Klapsa ◽  
Erika Bujaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Acute Flaccid Myelitis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

Infection with enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been linked with severe neurological disease such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in recent years. However, active surveillance for EV-D68 is lacking, which makes full assessment of this association difficult. Although a high number of EV-D68 infections were expected in 2020 based on the EV-D68′s known biannual circulation patterns, no apparent increase in EV-D68 detections or AFM cases was observed during 2020. We describe an upsurge of EV-D68 detections in wastewater samples from the United Kingdom between July and November 2021 mirroring the recently reported rise in EV-D68 detections in clinical samples from various European countries. We provide the first publicly available 2021 EV-D68 sequences showing co-circulation of EV-D68 strains from genetic clade D and sub-clade B3 as in previous years. Our results show the value of environmental surveillance (ES) for the early detection of circulating and clinically relevant human viruses. The use of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach helped us to estimate the prevalence of EV-D68 viruses among EV strains from other EV serotypes and to detect EV-D68 minor variants. The utility of ES at reducing gaps in virus surveillance for EV-D68 and the possible impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions introduced to control the COVID-19 pandemic on EV-D68 transmission dynamics are discussed.

‘A splendid innovation, these English titles!’ The invention of subtitling in the USA and the UK

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-290
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Silent Films ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Uk

This chapter offers the first account of the beginning of subtitling in the United Kingdom and in the United States. The release of foreign-language films with superimposed English titles began in both countries in the course of 1931, and became generalised in 1932. The chapter discusses early experiments in titling, including the use of interpolated titles after the fashion of silent films. It also raises a number of methodological problems, including the difficulty of interpretation of press data. This difficulty means that as yet we have only a provisional picture of early subtitling practices in the UK and USA, and for several of these early subtitled versions the nature and extent of the titling is not known. The chapter also discusses the question of survival of the material artefacts of these subtitled versions.

Retail Restructuring and the Strategic Significance of Food Retailers' Own-Labels: A UK—USA Comparison

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2201-2226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Hughes
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Food Retailers ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Competitive Behaviour ◽  
The Uk

Recognising the use of food retailers' own-labels as a particular form of competitive strategy, I seek to show how such a strategy is embedded within the very different retailing environments of the United Kingdom and USA. It is argued that power relations in the production—consumption chain, which have been influenced by regulation, have favoured the retailers in the United Kingdom more than they have in the USA. This appears to have allowed the UK food retailers to execute own-label strategic action which has ‘creatively destroyed’ the preexisting configuration of power, competitive behaviour, and cultural relations in the production—consumption chain. The US retailers, in contrast, have been restricted to quantitatively lower levels of own-label trading and strategy which has been qualitatively more rigid and conservative. It is suggested, then, that power relations produced in different national contexts can either constrain or enable retailers in their ability to formulate and execute own-label strategies which are a part of the complex logic of capital which characterises retailing. Therefore, given a continued period of deregulation in the USA, and an erosion of manufacturer power, retail capital is likely to develop more along the lines of the UK system and generate own-label strategies with similar economic and cultural significance to those in the United Kingdom.

Continuity, Dissonance and Location: An Anglosphere Research Agenda

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew Mycock ◽  
Ben Wellings
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
The Usa ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Uk

This chapter maps out an agenda for those wishing to research the Anglosphere. It does so by examining the elements of political and ideational continuity between the present-day Anglosphere and its antecedents such as Greater Britain and the English-speaking peoples. It also analyses the dissonance within and amongst members of the Anglosphere and thus assesses the potential for the realisation of the diverse political goals that its proponents claim. In searching for the locations where this idea has been realised, it suggests that Brexit increased the salience of the Anglosphere in the United Kingdom and beyond. The chapter notes the changing scope of definitions of the Anglosphere from proponents and analysts alike. It focuses on the five ‘core’ states of the Anglosphere – the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand – but is sensitive to overlapping and intersecting relationships, such as the Commonwealth and the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’. By examining the narratives that the idea of the Anglosphere generates this chapter argues that the hierarchies and tensions intersecting it both sustain and constrain this durable yet thin political ideology.

scholarly journals Reappraisal of the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the alligatoroid crocodylian Diplocynodon hantoniensis from the late Eocene of the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P Rio ◽  
Philip D Mannion ◽  
Emanuel Tschopp ◽  
Jeremy E Martin ◽  
Massimo Delfino
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
K Value ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Character Weighting ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Postcranial Anatomy

AbstractDiplocynodon is a genus of basal alligatoroid comprising nine species, which spanned the late Palaeocene to middle Miocene of Europe. Despite recent revisions of most Diplocynodon species, one of the earliest named and most complete, Diplocynodon hantoniensis, has not been re-described for over 150 years. This species is known from the remains of numerous individuals from the Priabonian (late Eocene) Headon Hill Formation, which crops out at Hordle (Hordwell) Cliff in Hampshire, United Kingdom. Here we re-describe and diagnose Diplocynodon hantoniensis, providing the first detailed description of postcranial anatomy in Diplocynodon, and indeed any basal alligatoroid. Diplocynodon hantoniensis is diagnosed by four autapomorphies, including retention of the ectopterygoid–pterygoid flexure through ontogeny and a unique anterior process of the ectopterygoid adjacent to the posteriormost maxillary alveoli. A critical review of previously referred remains from elsewhere in Europe and the USA restricts Diplocynodon hantoniensis to the late Eocene of the UK. Through comparisons with extant crocodylians, the well-preserved postcranial skeleton enables the interpretation of numerous muscle attachments in the forelimbs and hindlimbs, providing a potentially rich source of character data for future phylogenetic analyses. Based on a comparison of humeral morphology between a large sample of crocodylian species, we outline two new morphological characters in the humerus. We include D. hantoniensis in a phylogenetic analysis, including all putative Diplocynodon species (103 taxa scored for 187 characters). We use four different character-weighting schemes: equal weighting, implied weighting (k value = 8) and extended implied weighting with k-values of 4 and 8. In general, these weighted analyses produce congruent results with the equal-weights analysis, and increase the resolution within Diplocynodon. We recover a monophyletic Diplocynodon in three of the four analyses. However, the fourth analysis, with the strongest downweighting of homoplastic characters and missing data (extended implied weighting with k = 4), recovers the Palaeocene Diplocynodon remensis outside Diplocynodon. Our comprehensive revision of one of the most completely known Diplocynodon species facilitates comparisons in the genus, as well as between other basal alligatoroids, and forms the basis for comparing postcranial anatomy in other fossil crocodylians.

scholarly journals Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, 1920–49

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-133
Author(s):  
Jennifer Luff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cold War ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Why did domestic anticommunism convulse the United States of America during the early Cold War but barely ripple in the United Kingdom? Contemporaries and historians have puzzled over the dramatic difference in domestic politics between the USA and the UK, given the countries’ broad alignment on foreign policy toward Communism and the Soviet Union in that era. This article reflects upon the role played by trade unions in the USA and the UK in the development of each country's culture and politics of anticommunism during the interwar years. Trade unions were key sites of Communist organizing, and also of anticommunism, in both the USA and the UK, but their respective labor movements developed distinctively different political approaches to domestic and international communism. Comparing labor anticommunist politics in the interwar years helps explain sharp divergences in the politics of anticommunism in the USA and the UK during the Cold War.

scholarly journals Implications for Northern Europe of the emergence of West Nile virus in the USA

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. GOULD
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The unexpected appearance of fatal encephalitis in six elderly people living in New York in 1999, heralded the re-birth of arbovirology in the United States of America. The subsequent rapid spread through North America and impact of the disease on humans, birds, horses and a wide range of other species including alligators and frogs, has brought West Nile virus (WNV) to the attention of governments and the media, worldwide. The response of the public in the United Kingdom has not been hysterical, despite being fuelled by press reports that scientists have demonstrated the presence of WNV antibodies in birds in the UK. Nevertheless, concern has been expressed by government bodies either directly or indirectly connected with the potential health problems that could arise if WNV was introduced and caused the same degree of morbidity and mortality as that seen in the USA. Is the concern justified and are we likely to see significant health problems associated with WNV if this virus is confirmed to be present and circulating amongst birds in the UK? In this review I shall try to put the virus in its true context and assess the risks that WNV might pose both to animals and humans in the United Kingdom.

Tax Problems and the Elderly: Form Filling and Compliance Costs

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James ◽  
Alan Lewis ◽  
Julie Maloney
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
High Compliance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore the difficulties elderly taxpayers experience when complying with the tax system operated in the United Kingdom. Some of these problems arise from particular characteristics of the UK system, which are difficult for taxpayers to understand. Results from the survey reported here point to disproportionately high compliance costs experienced by elderly and recently retired taxpayers. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in terms of such matters as the improved distribution of explanatory leaflets and the need for simplification and improved comprehensibility of tax and other bureaucratic literature. Throughout the paper comparisons are drawn particularly between Britain and the USA.

Mentoring Masculinities: Race and Class in the (Re-)Construction of Gender in the USA and the UK

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kimmel ◽  
Amy Traver
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Academic Experiences ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Uk

This article explores the empirical and political debates surrounding boys' academic experiences in America and the United Kingdom. It unearths the ways in which boys' problems in school have been blamed on feminism, and how race and class are ignored in both debates. Additionally, this article addresses same-gender mentoring as a remedial, gender-based strategy for the ‘problem’ of boys in schools. We offer a critique of the mentoring of boys, highlighting the ways in which it ‘others' boys of marginalised race and class status and legitimises hegemonic masculinity. This article concludes with an analysis of the potential of mentoring in the work with boys.

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